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Thu Jan 31 2008 Kahlil Hodgson <kal@grebo.cs.rmit.edu.au>
* stow.texi: Austin Wood and Chris Hoobin clean this up for version 2.
* texi2man: new script by Austin and Chris to generate a man page from the
texinfo file.
Sun Nov 25 19:31:32 2007 Kahlil Hodgson <kahlil@internode.con.net>
* all: Version 2.0.1
* AUTHORS: added Kahlil Hodgson as a new author and current maintainer.
* stow.in: major rewrite to produce version 2.0.1 see NEWS for details
* t/: added test suite and support code
* configure.in: renamed to configure.ac as per autotools recommendation.
* configure.ac:
Use AC_INT rather than obsolete AM_INTI_MAKEFILE usage.
Remove redundant VERSION and PACKAGE setttings
Remove redundant AC_ARG_PROGRAM
Use AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([-Wall -Werror]) because we are pedantic.
Add AC_PREREQ([2.6.1])
* Makefile.am, configure.ac:
Use explicit rewrite in Makefile.am, rather than AC_CONFIG_FILES(stow.in),
as per autotools recommendation.
* Makefile.am:
Add TESTS and TEST_ENVIRONMENT for files in t/
Use dist_man_MANS instead of EXTRA_DIST for man page
* INSTALL: update to reflect autotools modernization.
* NEWS: update to describe cahnges in Version 2.0.1.
* README: update to point to the right websites and email addresses.
* THANKS:
Add Emil Mikulc who's ideas largely inspired Version 2 and
and Geoffrey Giesemann who did some initial testing and found some
important bugs.
* TODO: remove tasks that where implemented in Version 2
* stow.texi: update documentation to reflect Version 2 changes.
* stow.8: update to reflect Version 2 changes.
Sat Jan 26 16:15:21 2002 Guillaume Morin <gmorin@gnu.org>
* stow.in: if $ENV{'STOW_DIR'} is set, this becomes the default
Stow directory.
Sun Jan 06 12:18:50 2002 Guillaume Morin <gmorin@gnu.org>
* Makefile.am: use EXTRA_DIST to include manpage in distribution
Wed Jan 02 21:33:41 2002 Guillaume Morin <gmorin@gnu.org>
* stow.in: Stow now only warns the user if a subdirectory
is unreadable during unstowing.
Wed Jan 02 20:58:05 2002 Guillaume Morin <gmorin@gnu.org>
* stow.in: fixed JoinPaths so that subdirs called "0" are
correctly pushed. Thanks a lot to Gergely Nagy
<algernon@bonehunter.rulez.org> who patiently helped me to chase
this bug.
Sun Dec 30 21:58:25 2001 Guillaume Morin <gmorin@gnu.org>
* stow.in: fixed a bug introduced by previous changes when
Target argument was relative. (thanks to Luca Filipozzi
<lfilipoz@debian.org> for pointing this out)
Sun Dec 30 18:23:25 2001 Guillaume Morin <gmorin@gnu.org>
* stow.in: now requires Perl 5. Use POSIX getcwd instead of broken
fastcwd. Fixed bug when CommonParent is /. Stow does not remove
initially empty directories anymore.
Sun Dec 30 18:07:51 2001 Guillaume Morin <gmorin@gnu.org>
* configure.in: automake fixes (fp_ -> AC, +AC_INIT_AUTOMAKE)
Fri Oct 11 22:09:45 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg@hiro.zanshin.com>
* stow.html, configure.in: Version 1.3.2.
* README, stow.texi: Correct the URL again.
Fri Oct 11 18:20:42 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg@hiro.zanshin.com>
* configure.in: Version 1.3.1.
* stow.html: Update Stow manual URL. Mention version 1.3.1.
* README: Update Stow URL.
* Makefile.am: stow-manual.html -> manual.html.
* stow.texi:
Add a reference to the Stow home page on the GNU web server. Change
several occurrences of "which" to "that" for grammatical superiority.
Wed Oct 9 00:34:07 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg@hiro.zanshin.com>
* Makefile.am:
Add maintainer-only rules for stow-manual.html and stow-manual.texi.
Wed Oct 9 00:32:31 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg@hiro.zanshin.com>
* README: Refer to the new location for the Stow home page.
* stow.html: Make it right for the GNU web server.
Tue Oct 8 21:54:09 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg@hiro.zanshin.com>
* stow.texi: Document --restow
* stow.in: Add --restow (-R) option
* configure.in: Add "perl4" to search for Perl binary.
Bump version number to 1.3.
Mon Jun 24 23:23:03 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg@hiro.zanshin.com>
* stow.texi: Delete trailing whitespace.
Fri Jun 21 19:44:26 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg@hiro.zanshin.com>
* Makefile.am:
Don't explicitly mention version.texi. Automake now does it
automagically, by noticing the `@include version.texi' in
stow.texi. Awesome.
* stow.texi:
Use @include instead of @input. This is more Texinfoid, plus
allows Automake to automatically deduce the need for
version.texi.
* stow.in:
Elide trailing slashes from package names, then complain if
package names have slashes in them.
Tue Jun 18 23:19:04 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg@hiro.zanshin.com>
* README: Call it "Gnu Stow".
Tue Jun 18 22:15:45 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg@hiro.zanshin.com>
* configure.in:
Bump version number to 1.2.
Look for Perl under the names `perl' and `perl5'. If not found,
print a warning.
* stow.texi:
Add a section about bootstrapping. Add text about hacking Gnu
Make output.
* INSTALL:
Describe what happens when Perl isn't found during `configure'.
Mon Jun 17 19:43:25 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg@hiro.zanshin.com>
* THANKS: Thank Fritz.
Fri Jun 14 19:18:50 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg@hiro.zanshin.com>
* AUTHORS: Credit John Bazik and Gord Matzigkeit.
* stow.texi: Remove a "known bug" -- the pwd dependency is gone.
* stow.in:
Use fastcwd, from fastcwd.pl (which is GPL'd), to remove
dependency on an external pwd binary. Suggested by Gord
Matzigkeit.
* stow.in: Add a missing comma.
Thu Jun 13 21:52:10 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg@hiro.zanshin.com>
* stow.in:
Change three occurrences of `my' to `local' for Perl 4
compatibility.
Thu Jun 13 18:07:37 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg@hiro.zanshin.com>
* configure.in: Bump version number to 1.1.
* Makefile.am:
Add `stow' to the list of clean targets. Don't redirect output
directly into a make target.
* AUTHORS, README:
Use <bobg+stow@zanshin.com> as the contact address.
* TODO: New file.
* stow.in:
Refer to "Gnu Stow" in a few places. Use <bobg+stow@zanshin.com>
as the contact address. Handle long and short options. Handle
`version' and `help' options. Refer to "packages," not
"collections," for consistency with the manual.
* stow.texi:
Refer to "Gnu Stow" in a few places. Use <bobg+stow@zanshin.com>
as the contact address. Add sections on Reporting bugs and Known
bugs. Create a master menu. Minor rewording. Remove the period
from a node name.
* TODO, THANKS: New files.
Mon Jun 10 14:44:13 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg@hiro.zanshin.com>
* NEWS: Create NEWS file for release. 1.0 now ready.
* stow.texi: Big revisions in preparation for release.
Sun Jun 9 15:47:19 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg@zoger.ipost.com>
* stow.in: Enhance argument parsing, losing Perl 4 support in the
process.
(later) Perl 4 support restored.
Fri Jun 7 12:13:33 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg@hiro.zanshin.com>
* Created stow, formerly "depot."

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How to install GNU Stow
=======================
Prerequisites
-------------
Stow is a collection of Perl scripts and modules. You must have Perl
5.6.1 or later in order for it to run. The test suite also requires
the `Test::More` and `Test::Output` modules which can be obtained from
CPAN. They are also available as packages in some of the GNU/Linux
distributions.
Installation methods
--------------------
Stow can either be installed via the standard GNU Autotools procedure
(`./configure && make install`) or since 2.1.0, via CPAN-style via
Module::Build.
Advantages of the Autotools approach:
- It's arguably more flexible.
- It will install the documentation in Info, HTML, man, and PDF
formats.
Advantages of the `Module::Build` approach:
- It's more in keeping with the standard way to distribute CPAN
modules.
- It performs dependency checking to ensure you have the necessary
Perl modules installed.
Both approaches are described in detail below. However if you are
building from the git repository rather than an official release,
you first need to perform some extra steps:
Preparatory steps required only when building from git
------------------------------------------------------
`configure` and `Makefile` are included in official releases of Stow,
but they are deliberately omitted from the git repository because they
are autogenerated. Therefore if you are installing directly from git,
you first need to generate them as follows.
First `cd` to the directory containing the source code (and this
file), and then run:
autoreconf -iv
If this runs successfully then you are ready to continue with one of
the two installation methods below.
Basic Installation via `Module::Build`
--------------------------------------
The steps in building Stow are:
1. `cd` to the directory containing the source code (and this file).
2. If you are building from an official GNU release tarball, type
`./configure && make` to configure stow for your system. If you
are building from a CPAN tarball, this step can be skipped.
If `make` warns that the Perl module installation directory is
not in `@INC`, then you should run:
eval `perl -V:siteprefix`
./configure --prefix=$siteprefix && make
to avoid a superfluous `use lib` line in your stow executable.
3. Type `perl Build.PL`.
4. Type `./Build install` to install the various files. As noted
above, this installs fewer files than the Autotools installation.
Basic Installation via Autotools
--------------------------------
The steps in building Stow are:
1. `cd` to the directory containing the source code (and this file).
2. Type `./configure` to configure stow for your system. This step
will attempt to locate your copy of perl and set its location in
`Makefile.in`. You can use the normal arguments to change the
default installation paths (see below); additionally you can use
the
--with-pmdir=/path/to/perl/modules
option to manually choose where the Perl modules get installed.
However, if you don't, the `configure` script will go to great
lengths to try to choose a sensible default.
3. Type `make install` to install the various files. If the chosen
installation directory for Perl modules is not included in Perl's
built-in `@INC` search path, the Makefile rules will automatically
insert a
use lib "...";
line into the generated stow script to ensure that it can always
locate the Perl modules without needing to manually set `PERL5LIB`.
4. You can remove the generated files from the source code directory
by typing `make clean`. To also remove the files that `configure`
created (so you can compile the package for a different computer),
type `make distclean`. There is also a `make maintainer-clean`
target, but that is intended mainly for stow's developers. If you
use it, you may have to get all sorts of other programs in order
to regenerate files that came with the distribution.
Installation Names
------------------
By default, `make install` will install the package's files in
`/usr/local/bin` and `/usr/local/info`. You can specify an
installation prefix other than `/usr/local` by giving `configure` the
option `--prefix=PATH`.
If the package supports it, you can cause programs to be installed
with an extra prefix or suffix on their names by giving `configure`
the option `--program-prefix=PREFIX` or `--program-suffix=SUFFIX`.
Since `stow` is concerned with separating a package's installation
tree from its run-time tree, you might want to install `stow` into a
directory such as `/usr/local/stow/stow` but have it run out of
`/usr/local`. Do this by giving the run-time prefix (e.g.,
/usr/local) to configure as described above; then run `make`; then run
`make install prefix=/usr/local/stow/stow`. For more information on
this technique, see the Stow manual.
The configuration system
------------------------
The `configure` shell script attempts to guess correct values for
various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses
those values to create a `Makefile` and to create the `stow` script
itself, using Makefile.in and stow.in as templates. Finally, it
creates a shell script `config.status` that you can run in the future
to recreate the current configuration, a file `config.cache` that
saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring, and a file
`config.log` containing other output.
The file `configure.ac` is used to create `configure` by a program
called `autoconf`. You only need `configure.ac` if you want to change
it or regenerate `configure` using a newer version of `autoconf`.
The file `Makefile.am` is used to create `Makefile.in` by a program
called `automake`. You only need `Makefile.am` if you want to change
it or regenerate `Makefile.in` using a newer version of `automake`.
Sharing Defaults
----------------
If you want to set default values for `configure` scripts to share,
you can create a site shell script called `config.site` that gives
default values for variables like `CC`, `cache_file`, and `prefix`.
`configure` looks for `PREFIX/share/config.site` if it exists, then
`PREFIX/etc/config.site` if it exists. Or, you can set the
`CONFIG_SITE` environment variable to the location of the site script.
A warning: not all `configure` scripts look for a site script.
Operation Controls
------------------
`configure` recognizes the following options to control how it
operates.
`--cache-file=FILE`
Use and save the results of the tests in FILE instead of
`./config.cache`. Set FILE to `/dev/null` to disable caching, for
debugging `configure`.
`--help`
Print a summary of the options to `configure`, and exit.
`--quiet`
`--silent`
`-q`
Do not print messages saying which checks are being made.
`--srcdir=DIR`
Look for the package's source code in directory DIR. Usually
`configure` can determine that directory automatically.
`--version`
Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the `configure`
script, and exit.
`configure` also accepts some other, not widely useful, options.
License for this file
---------------------
Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
notice and this notice are preserved. This file is offered as-is,
without any warranty.

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[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/aspiers/stow.svg)](https://travis-ci.org/aspiers/stow)
[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/aspiers/stow/badge.svg?branch=master&service=github)](https://coveralls.io/github/aspiers/stow?branch=master)
README for GNU Stow
===================
This README describes GNU Stow. This is not the definitive
documentation for Stow; for that, see the [info
manual](https://www.gnu.org/software/stow/manual/).
Stow is a symlink farm manager program which takes distinct sets
of software and/or data located in separate directories on the
filesystem, and makes them all appear to be installed in a single
directory tree.
Originally Stow was born to address the need to administer, upgrade,
install, and remove files in independent software packages without
confusing them with other files sharing the same file system space.
For instance, many years ago it used to be common to compile programs
such as Perl and Emacs from source and install them in `/usr/local`.
By using Stow, `/usr/local/bin` could contain symlinks to files within
`/usr/local/stow/emacs/bin`, `/usr/local/stow/perl/bin` etc., and
likewise recursively for any other subdirectories such as `.../share`,
`.../man`, and so on.
While this is useful for keeping track of system-wide and per-user
installations of software built from source, in more recent times
software packages are often managed by more sophisticated package
management software such as
[`rpm`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rpm_(software)),
[`dpkg`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dpkg), and
[Nix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nix_package_manager) / [GNU
Guix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Guix), or language-native
package managers such as Ruby's
[`gem`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RubyGems), Python's
[`pip`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pip_(package_manager)),
Javascript's [`npm`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Npm_(software)),
and so on.
However Stow is still used not only for software package management,
but also for other purposes, such as facilitating [a more controlled
approach to management of configuration files in the user's home
directory](http://brandon.invergo.net/news/2012-05-26-using-gnu-stow-to-manage-your-dotfiles.html),
especially when [coupled with version control
systems](http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-stow/2011-12/msg00000.html).
Stow was inspired by Carnegie Mellon's Depot program, but is
substantially simpler and safer. Whereas Depot required database files
to keep things in sync, Stow stores no extra state between runs, so
there's no danger (as there was in Depot) of mangling directories when
file hierarchies don't match the database. Also unlike Depot, Stow will
never delete any files, directories, or links that appear in a Stow
directory (e.g., `/usr/local/stow/emacs`), so it's always possible
to rebuild the target tree (e.g., `/usr/local`).
Stow is implemented as a combination of a Perl script providing a CLI
interface, and a backend Perl module which does most of the work.
You can get the latest information about Stow from the home page:
http://www.gnu.org/software/stow/
License
-------
Stow is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public License,
which can be found in the file [`COPYING`](COPYING).
Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
notice and this notice are preserved. This file is offered as-is,
without any warranty.
Installation
------------
See [`INSTALL.md`](INSTALL.md) for installation instructions.
Feedback
--------
Please do send comments, questions, and constructive criticism. The
mailing lists and any other communication channels are detailed on the
above home page.
Brief history and authorship
----------------------------
Stow was inspired by Carnegie Mellon's "Depot" program, but is
substantially simpler. Whereas Depot requires database files to keep
things in sync, Stow stores no extra state between runs, so there's no
danger (as there is in Depot) of mangling directories when file
hierarchies don't match the database. Also unlike Depot, Stow will
never delete any files, directories, or links that appear in a Stow
directory (e.g., `/usr/local/stow/emacs`), so it's always possible to
rebuild the target tree (e.g., `/usr/local`).
For a high-level overview of the contributions of the main developers
over the years, see [the `AUTHORS` file](AUTHORS).
For a more detailed history, please see the `ChangeLog` file.

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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<!-- This manual describes GNU Stow version 2.3.2-fixbug56727
(23 October 2023), a program for managing farms of symbolic links.
Software and documentation is copyrighted by the following:
© 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg+stow@zanshin.com>
© 2000, 2001 Guillaume Morin <gmorin@gnu.org>
© 2007 Kahlil (Kal) Hodgson <kahlil@internode.on.net>
© 2011 Adam Spiers <stow@adamspiers.org>
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
section entitled "GNU General Public License" is included with the
modified manual, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is
distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this
one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation
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<hr>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Bootstrapping-1"><span>13 Bootstrapping<a class="copiable-link" href="#Bootstrapping-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<p>Suppose you have a stow directory all set up and ready to go:
<samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/perl</samp> contains the Perl installation,
<samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/stow</samp> contains Stow itself, and perhaps you have
other packages waiting to be stowed. You&rsquo;d like to be able to do this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">cd /usr/local/stow
stow -vv *
</pre></div>
<p>but <code class="command">stow</code> is not yet in your <code class="env">PATH</code>. Nor can you do this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">cd /usr/local/stow
stow/bin/stow -vv *
</pre></div>
<p>because the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">#!</samp>&rsquo; line at the beginning of <code class="command">stow</code> tries to
locate Perl (usually in <samp class="file">/usr/local/bin/perl</samp>), and that won&rsquo;t be
found. The solution you must use is:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">cd /usr/local/stow
perl/bin/perl stow/bin/stow -vv *
</pre></div>
</div>
</body>
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© 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg+stow@zanshin.com>
© 2000, 2001 Guillaume Morin <gmorin@gnu.org>
© 2007 Kahlil (Kal) Hodgson <kahlil@internode.on.net>
© 2011 Adam Spiers <stow@adamspiers.org>
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<hr>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Compile_002dtime-vs-Install_002dtime-1"><span>12 Compile-time vs Install-time<a class="copiable-link" href="#Compile_002dtime-vs-Install_002dtime-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<p>Software whose installation is managed with Stow needs to be installed
in one place (the package directory, e.g. <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/perl</samp>)
but needs to appear to run in another place (the target tree, e.g.,
<samp class="file">/usr/local</samp>). Why is this important? What&rsquo;s wrong with Perl, for
instance, looking for its files in <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/perl</samp> instead
of in <samp class="file">/usr/local</samp>?
</p>
<p>The answer is that there may be another package, e.g.,
<samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/perl-extras</samp>, stowed under <samp class="file">/usr/local</samp>. If
Perl is configured to find its files in <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/perl</samp>, it
will never find the extra files in the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">perl-extras</samp>&rsquo; package, even
though they&rsquo;re intended to be found by Perl. On the other hand, if Perl
looks for its files in <samp class="file">/usr/local</samp>, then it will find the
intermingled Perl and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">perl-extras</samp>&rsquo; files.
</p>
<p>This means that when you compile a package, you must tell it the
location of the run-time, or target tree; but when you install it, you
must place it in the stow tree.
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Advice-on-changing-compilation-and-installation-parameters" accesskey="1">Advice on changing compilation and installation parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="GNU-Emacs.html" accesskey="2">GNU Emacs</a></li>
<li><a href="Other-FSF-Software.html" accesskey="3">Other FSF Software</a></li>
<li><a href="Cygnus-Software.html" accesskey="4">Cygnus Software</a></li>
<li><a href="Perl-and-Perl-5-Modules.html" accesskey="5">Perl and Perl 5 Modules</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Advice-on-changing-compilation-and-installation-parameters">
<h3 class="section"><span>12.1 Advice on changing compilation and installation parameters<a class="copiable-link" href="#Advice-on-changing-compilation-and-installation-parameters"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<p>Some software packages allow you to specify, at compile-time, separate
locations for installation and for run-time. Perl is one such package;
see <a class="ref" href="Perl-and-Perl-5-Modules.html">Perl and Perl 5 Modules</a>. Others allow you to compile the
package, then give a different destination in the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">make install</samp>&rsquo;
step without causing the binaries or other files to get rebuilt. Most
GNU software falls into this category; Emacs is a notable exception.
See <a class="xref" href="GNU-Emacs.html">GNU Emacs</a>, and <a class="ref" href="Other-FSF-Software.html">Other FSF Software</a>.
</p>
<p>Still other software packages cannot abide the idea of separate
installation and run-time locations at all. If you try to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">make
install prefix=/usr/local/stow/<var class="var">foo</var></samp>&rsquo;, then first the whole package
will be recompiled to hardwire the <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/<var class="var">foo</var></samp>
path. With these packages, it is best to compile normally, then run
&lsquo;<samp class="samp">make -n install</samp>&rsquo;, which should report all the steps needed to
install the just-built software. Place this output into a file, edit
the commands in the file to remove recompilation steps and to reflect
the Stow-based installation location, and execute the edited file as a
shell script in place of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">make install</samp>&rsquo;. Be sure to execute the
script using the same shell that &lsquo;<samp class="samp">make install</samp>&rsquo; would have used.
</p>
<p>(If you use GNU Make and a shell [such as GNU bash] that understands
<code class="command">pushd</code> and <code class="command">popd</code>, you can do the following:
</p>
<ol class="enumerate">
<li> Replace all lines matching &lsquo;<samp class="samp">make[<var class="var">n</var>]: Entering directory
<var class="var">dir</var></samp>&rsquo; with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">pushd <var class="var">dir</var></samp>&rsquo;.
</li><li> Replace all lines matching &lsquo;<samp class="samp">make[<var class="var">n</var>]: Leaving directory
<var class="var">dir</var></samp>&rsquo; with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">popd</samp>&rsquo;.
</li><li> Delete all lines matching &lsquo;<samp class="samp">make[<var class="var">n</var>]: Nothing to be done for
<var class="var">rule</var></samp>&rsquo;.
</li></ol>
<p>Then find other lines in the output containing <code class="command">cd</code> or <code class="command">make</code>
commands and rewrite or delete them. In particular, you should be able
to delete sections of the script that resemble this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">for i in <var class="var">dir_1</var> <var class="var">dir_2</var> <span class="r">...</span>; do \
(cd $i; make <var class="var">args</var> <span class="r">...</span>) \
done
</pre></div>
<p>Note, that&rsquo;s &ldquo;should be able to,&rdquo; not &ldquo;can.&rdquo; Be sure to modulate
these guidelines with plenty of your own intelligence.
</p>
<p>The details of stowing some specific packages are described in the
following sections.
</p>
</div>
</div>
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<p>
Next: <a href="Mixing-Operations.html" accesskey="n" rel="next">Mixing Operations</a>, Previous: <a href="Deleting-Packages.html" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Deleting Packages</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Index.html" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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<hr>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Conflicts-1"><span>7 Conflicts<a class="copiable-link" href="#Conflicts-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-conflicts-1"></a>
<p>If, during installation, a file or symlink exists in the target tree and
has the same name as something Stow needs to create, and if the
existing name is not a folded tree that can be split open, then a
<em class="dfn">conflict</em> has arisen. A conflict also occurs if a directory exists
where Stow needs to place a symlink to a non-directory. On the
other hand, if the existing name is merely a symlink that already points
where Stow needs it to, then no conflict has occurred. (Thus it
is harmless to install a package that has already been installed.)
</p>
<p>For complex packages, scanning the stow and target trees in tandem,
and deciding whether to make directories or links, split-open or fold
directories, can actually take a long time (a number of seconds).
Moreover, an accurate analysis of potential conflicts requires us to
take into account all of these operations.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="Deferred-Operation"></a><ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Deferred-Operation-1" accesskey="1">Deferred Operation</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Deferred-Operation-1">
<h3 class="section"><span>7.1 Deferred Operation<a class="copiable-link" href="#Deferred-Operation-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-deferred-operation"></a>
<p>Since version 2.0, Stow now adopts a two-phase algorithm, first
scanning for any potential conflicts before any stowing or unstowing
operations are performed. If any conflicts are found, they are
displayed and then Stow terminates without making any modifications to
the filesystem. This means that there is much less risk of a package
being partially stowed or unstowed due to conflicts.
</p>
<p>Prior to version 2.0, if a conflict was discovered, the stow or unstow
operation could be aborted mid-flow, leaving the target tree in an
inconsistent state.
</p>
</div>
</div>
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<p>
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</div>
<hr>
<h3 class="section" id="Cygnus-Software-1"><span>12.4 Cygnus Software<a class="copiable-link" href="#Cygnus-Software-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<p>Cygnus is a commercial supplier and supporter of GNU software. It has
also written several of its own packages, released under the terms of
the GNU General Public License; and it has taken over the maintenance of
other packages. Among the packages released by Cygnus are &lsquo;<samp class="samp">gdb</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp class="samp">gnats</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">dejagnu</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>Cygnus packages have the peculiarity that each one unpacks into a
directory tree with a generic top-level Makefile, which is set up to
compile <em class="emph">all</em> of Cygnus&rsquo; packages, any number of which may reside
under the top-level directory. In other words, even if you&rsquo;re only
building &lsquo;<samp class="samp">gnats</samp>&rsquo;, the top-level Makefile will look for, and try to
build, <samp class="file">gdb</samp> and <samp class="file">dejagnu</samp> subdirectories, among many others.
</p>
<p>The result is that if you try &lsquo;<samp class="samp">make -n install
prefix=/usr/local/stow/<var class="var">package</var></samp>&rsquo; at the top level of a Cygnus
package, you&rsquo;ll get a bewildering amount of output. It will then be
very difficult to visually scan the output to see whether the install
will proceed correctly. Unfortunately, it&rsquo;s not always clear how to
invoke an install from the subdirectory of interest.
</p>
<p>In cases like this, the best approach is to run your &lsquo;<samp class="samp">make install
prefix=<span class="r">&hellip;</span></samp>&rsquo;, but be ready to interrupt it if you detect that it
is recompiling files. Usually it will work just fine; otherwise,
install manually.
</p>
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<hr>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Deleting-Packages-1"><span>6 Deleting Packages<a class="copiable-link" href="#Deleting-Packages-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-deletion"></a>
<p>When the <samp class="option">-D</samp> option is given, the action of Stow is to
delete a package from the target tree. Note that Stow will not
delete anything it doesn&rsquo;t &ldquo;own&rdquo;. Deleting a package does <em class="emph">not</em>
mean removing it from the stow directory or discarding the package
tree.
</p>
<p>To delete a package, Stow recursively scans the target tree, skipping over any
directory that is not included in the installation image.<a class="footnote" id="DOCF7" href="#FOOT7"><sup>7</sup></a>
For example, if the target directory is <samp class="file">/usr/local</samp> and the
installation image for the package being deleted has only a <samp class="file">bin</samp>
directory and a <samp class="file">man</samp> directory at the top level, then we only scan
<samp class="file">/usr/local/bin</samp> and <samp class="file">/usr/local/man</samp>, and not
<samp class="file">/usr/local/lib</samp> or <samp class="file">/usr/local/share</samp>, or for that matter
<samp class="file">/usr/local/stow</samp>. Any symlink it finds that points into the package
being deleted is removed. Any directory that contained only symlinks to the
package being deleted is removed.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="tree-refolding"></a><ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Refolding-_0060_0060foldable_0027_0027-trees_002e" accesskey="1">Refolding &ldquo;foldable&rdquo; trees.</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Refolding-_0060_0060foldable_0027_0027-trees_002e">
<h3 class="section"><span>6.1 Refolding &ldquo;foldable&rdquo; trees.<a class="copiable-link" href="#Refolding-_0060_0060foldable_0027_0027-trees_002e"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-refolding-trees"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tree-refolding"></a>
<p>After removing symlinks and empty subdirectories, any directory that
contains only symlinks to a single other package is considered to be a
previously &ldquo;folded&rdquo; tree that was &ldquo;split open.&rdquo; Stow will refold
the tree by removing the symlinks to the surviving package, removing
the directory, then linking the directory back to the surviving
package. However, this behaviour can be prevented via the
<samp class="option">--no-folding</samp> option; see <a class="pxref" href="Invoking-Stow.html">Invoking Stow</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footnotes-segment">
<hr>
<h4 class="footnotes-heading">Footnotes</h4>
<h5 class="footnote-body-heading"><a id="FOOT7" href="#DOCF7">(7)</a></h5>
<p>This
approach was introduced in version 2 of GNU Stow. Previously, the whole
target tree was scanned and stow directories were explicitly omitted. This
became problematic when dealing with very large installations. The only
situation where this is useful is if you accidentally delete a directory in
the package tree, leaving you with a whole bunch of dangling links. Note that
you can enable the old approach with the <samp class="option">-p</samp> option. Alternatively, you can
use the <samp class="option">--badlinks</samp> option get stow to search for dangling links in your target tree and remove the offenders manually.</p>
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<hr>
<h3 class="section" id="GNU-Emacs-1"><span>12.2 GNU Emacs<a class="copiable-link" href="#GNU-Emacs-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<p>Although the Free Software Foundation has many enlightened practices
regarding Makefiles and software installation (see see <a class="pxref" href="Other-FSF-Software.html">Other FSF Software</a>), Emacs, its flagship program, doesn&rsquo;t quite follow the
rules. In particular, most GNU software allows you to write:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">make
make install prefix=/usr/local/stow/<var class="var">package</var>
</pre></div>
<p>If you try this with Emacs, then the new value for <var class="var">prefix</var> in the
&lsquo;<samp class="samp">make install</samp>&rsquo; step will cause some files to get recompiled with
the new value of <var class="var">prefix</var> wired into them. In Emacs 19.23 and
later,<a class="footnote" id="DOCF8" href="#FOOT8"><sup>8</sup></a>
the way to work around this problem is:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">make
make install-arch-dep install-arch-indep prefix=/usr/local/stow/emacs
</pre></div>
<p>In 19.22 and some prior versions of Emacs, the workaround was:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">make
make do-install prefix=/usr/local/stow/emacs
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="footnotes-segment">
<hr>
<h4 class="footnotes-heading">Footnotes</h4>
<h5 class="footnote-body-heading"><a id="FOOT8" href="#DOCF8">(8)</a></h5>
<p>As I write this, the current version of Emacs is 19.31.</p>
</div>
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<h2 class="unnumbered" id="GNU-General-Public-License-1"><span>GNU General Public License<a class="copiable-link" href="#GNU-General-Public-License-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<div class="center">Version 3, 29 June 2007
</div>
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<pre class="display-preformatted">Copyright &copy; 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <a class="url" href="https://fsf.org/">https://fsf.org/</a>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
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</pre></div>
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<p>An interactive user interface displays &ldquo;Appropriate Legal Notices&rdquo; to
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<p>When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
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<p>All other non-permissive additional terms are considered &ldquo;further
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<p>However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
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<p>You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run
a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work
occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission
to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However,
nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or
modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do
not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a
covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.
</p>
</li><li> Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
<p>Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and
propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible
for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
</p>
<p>An &ldquo;entity transaction&rdquo; is a transaction transferring control of an
organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an
organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered
work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever
licenses to the work the party&rsquo;s predecessor in interest had or could
give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the
Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if
the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
</p>
<p>You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may
not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of
rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation
(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for
sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
</p>
</li><li> Patents.
<p>A &ldquo;contributor&rdquo; is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The
work thus licensed is called the contributor&rsquo;s &ldquo;contributor version&rdquo;.
</p>
<p>A contributor&rsquo;s &ldquo;essential patent claims&rdquo; are all patent claims owned
or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted
by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version,
but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a
consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For
purposes of this definition, &ldquo;control&rdquo; includes the right to grant
patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of
this License.
</p>
<p>Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free
patent license under the contributor&rsquo;s essential patent claims, to
make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and
propagate the contents of its contributor version.
</p>
<p>In the following three paragraphs, a &ldquo;patent license&rdquo; is any express
agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent
(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to
sue for patent infringement). To &ldquo;grant&rdquo; such a patent license to a
party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a
patent against the party.
</p>
<p>If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone
to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a
publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,
then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so
available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner
consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
license to downstream recipients. &ldquo;Knowingly relying&rdquo; means you have
actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
covered work in a country, or your recipient&rsquo;s use of the covered work
in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
country that you have reason to believe are valid.
</p>
<p>If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a
covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties
receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license
you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
work and works based on it.
</p>
<p>A patent license is &ldquo;discriminatory&rdquo; if it does not include within the
scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on
the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically
granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you
are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the
business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the
third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the
work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties
who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent
license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by
you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in
connection with specific products or compilations that contain the
covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent
license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
</p>
<p>Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
</p>
</li><li> No Surrender of Others&rsquo; Freedom.
<p>If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey
a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under
this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a
consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree
to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying
from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could
satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely
from conveying the Program.
</p>
</li><li> Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
<p>Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this
License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
combination as such.
</p>
</li><li> Revised Versions of this License.
<p>The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
</p>
<p>Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public
License &ldquo;or any later version&rdquo; applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or
of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If
the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General
Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free
Software Foundation.
</p>
<p>If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions
of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy&rsquo;s public
statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to
choose that version for the Program.
</p>
<p>Later license versions may give you additional or different
permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
later version.
</p>
</li><li> Disclaimer of Warranty.
<p>THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM &ldquo;AS IS&rdquo; WITHOUT
WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND
PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE
DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR
CORRECTION.
</p>
</li><li> Limitation of Liability.
<p>IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR
CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT
NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR
LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM
TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER
PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
</p>
</li><li> Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
<p>If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
copy of the Program in return for a fee.
</p>
</li></ol>
<h3 class="heading" id="END-OF-TERMS-AND-CONDITIONS"><span>END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS<a class="copiable-link" href="#END-OF-TERMS-AND-CONDITIONS"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<h3 class="heading" id="How-to-Apply-These-Terms-to-Your-New-Programs"><span>How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs<a class="copiable-link" href="#How-to-Apply-These-Terms-to-Your-New-Programs"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<p>If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
terms.
</p>
<p>To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the &ldquo;copyright&rdquo; line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
</p>
<div class="example smallexample">
<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.</var>
Copyright (C) <var class="var">year</var> <var class="var">name of author</var>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at
your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <a class="url" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/">https://www.gnu.org/licenses/</a>.
</pre></div>
<p>Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
</p>
<p>If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
</p>
<div class="example smallexample">
<pre class="example-preformatted"><var class="var">program</var> Copyright (C) <var class="var">year</var> <var class="var">name of author</var>
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type &lsquo;<samp class="samp">show w</samp>&rsquo;.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type &lsquo;<samp class="samp">show c</samp>&rsquo; for details.
</pre></div>
<p>The hypothetical commands &lsquo;<samp class="samp">show w</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">show c</samp>&rsquo; should show
the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your
program&rsquo;s commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would
use an &ldquo;about box&rdquo;.
</p>
<p>You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a &ldquo;copyright disclaimer&rdquo; for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
<a class="url" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/">https://www.gnu.org/licenses/</a>.
</p>
<p>The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your
program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine
library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use
the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But
first, please read <a class="url" href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html</a>.
</p>
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© 2007 Kahlil (Kal) Hodgson <kahlil@internode.on.net>
© 2011 Adam Spiers <stow@adamspiers.org>
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<hr>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Ignore-Lists-1"><span>4 Ignore Lists<a class="copiable-link" href="#Ignore-Lists-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ignore-lists"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ignoring-files-and-directories"></a>
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<li><a href="Justification-For-Yet-Another-Set-Of-Ignore-Files.html" accesskey="3">Justification For Yet Another Set Of Ignore Files</a></li>
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© 2000, 2001 Guillaume Morin <gmorin@gnu.org>
© 2007 Kahlil (Kal) Hodgson <kahlil@internode.on.net>
© 2011 Adam Spiers <stow@adamspiers.org>
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
section entitled "GNU General Public License" is included with the
modified manual, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is
distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this
one.
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</div>
<hr>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Installing-Packages-1"><span>5 Installing Packages<a class="copiable-link" href="#Installing-Packages-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-installation"></a>
<p>The default action of Stow is to install a package. This means creating
symlinks in the target tree that point into the package tree. Stow
attempts to do this with as few symlinks as possible; in other words, if
Stow can create a single symlink that points to an entire subtree within
the package tree, it will choose to do that rather than create a
directory in the target tree and populate it with symlinks.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="tree-folding"></a><ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="#Tree-folding" accesskey="1">Tree folding</a></li>
<li><a href="#Tree-unfolding-1" accesskey="2">Tree unfolding</a></li>
<li><a href="#Ownership" accesskey="3">Ownership</a></li>
<li><a href="#Conflicts-during-installation" accesskey="4">Conflicts during installation</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Tree-folding">
<h3 class="section"><span>5.1 Tree folding<a class="copiable-link" href="#Tree-folding"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tree-folding"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-directory-folding"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-folding-trees"></a>
<p>For example, suppose that no packages have yet been installed in
<samp class="file">/usr/local</samp>; it&rsquo;s completely empty (except for the <samp class="file">stow</samp>
subdirectory, of course). Now suppose the Perl package is installed.
Recall that it includes the following directories in its installation
image: <samp class="file">bin</samp>; <samp class="file">info</samp>; <samp class="file">lib/perl</samp>; <samp class="file">man/man1</samp>.
Rather than creating the directory <samp class="file">/usr/local/bin</samp> and populating
it with symlinks to <samp class="file">../stow/perl/bin/perl</samp> and
<samp class="file">../stow/perl/bin/a2p</samp> (and so on), Stow will create a
single symlink, <samp class="file">/usr/local/bin</samp>, which points to
<samp class="file">stow/perl/bin</samp>. In this way, it still works to refer to
<samp class="file">/usr/local/bin/perl</samp> and <samp class="file">/usr/local/bin/a2p</samp>, and fewer
symlinks have been created. This is called <em class="dfn">tree folding</em>, since an
entire subtree is &ldquo;folded&rdquo; into a single symlink.
</p>
<p>To complete this example, Stow will also create the symlink
<samp class="file">/usr/local/info</samp> pointing to <samp class="file">stow/perl/info</samp>; the symlink
<samp class="file">/usr/local/lib</samp> pointing to <samp class="file">stow/perl/lib</samp>; and the symlink
<samp class="file">/usr/local/man</samp> pointing to <samp class="file">stow/perl/man</samp>.
</p>
<p>Now suppose that instead of installing the Perl package into an empty
target tree, the target tree is not empty to begin with. Instead, it
contains several files and directories installed under a different
system-administration philosophy. In particular, <samp class="file">/usr/local/bin</samp>
already exists and is a directory, as are <samp class="file">/usr/local/lib</samp> and
<samp class="file">/usr/local/man/man1</samp>. In this case, Stow will descend into
<samp class="file">/usr/local/bin</samp> and create symlinks to
<samp class="file">../stow/perl/bin/perl</samp> and <samp class="file">../stow/perl/bin/a2p</samp> (etc.),
and it will descend into <samp class="file">/usr/local/lib</samp> and create the
tree-folding symlink <samp class="file">perl</samp> pointing to
<samp class="file">../stow/perl/lib/perl</samp>, and so on. As a rule, Stow only
descends as far as necessary into the target tree when it can create a
tree-folding symlink. However, this behaviour can be changed via
the <samp class="option">--no-folding</samp> option; see <a class="pxref" href="Invoking-Stow.html">Invoking Stow</a>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="Tree-unfolding"></a></div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Tree-unfolding-1">
<h3 class="section"><span>5.2 Tree unfolding<a class="copiable-link" href="#Tree-unfolding-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-splitting-open-folded-trees"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-unfolding-trees"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tree-unfolding"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-tree-unsplitting"></a>
<p>The time often comes when a tree-folding symlink has to be undone
because another package uses one or more of the folded subdirectories in
its installation image. This operation is called <em class="dfn">splitting open</em> or
<em class="dfn">unfolding</em> a folded tree. It involves removing the original symlink from
the target tree, creating a true directory in its place, and then populating the
new directory with symlinks to the newly-installed package <em class="emph">and</em> to
the old package that used the old symlink. For example, suppose that
after installing Perl into an empty <samp class="file">/usr/local</samp>, we wish to
install Emacs. Emacs&rsquo;s installation image includes a <samp class="file">bin</samp>
directory containing the <samp class="file">emacs</samp> and <samp class="file">etags</samp> executables,
among others. Stow must make these files appear to be installed
in <samp class="file">/usr/local/bin</samp>, but presently <samp class="file">/usr/local/bin</samp> is a
symlink to <samp class="file">stow/perl/bin</samp>. Stow therefore takes the
following steps: the symlink <samp class="file">/usr/local/bin</samp> is deleted; the
directory <samp class="file">/usr/local/bin</samp> is created; links are made from
<samp class="file">/usr/local/bin</samp> to <samp class="file">../stow/emacs/bin/emacs</samp> and
<samp class="file">../stow/emacs/bin/etags</samp>; and links are made from
<samp class="file">/usr/local/bin</samp> to <samp class="file">../stow/perl/bin/perl</samp> and
<samp class="file">../stow/perl/bin/a2p</samp>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Ownership">
<h3 class="section"><span>5.3 Ownership<a class="copiable-link" href="#Ownership"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ownership"></a>
<p>When splitting open a folded tree, Stow makes sure that the
symlink it is about to remove points inside a valid package in the
current stow directory. <em class="emph">Stow will never delete anything
that it doesn&rsquo;t own</em>. Stow &ldquo;owns&rdquo; everything living in the
target tree that points into a package in the stow directory. Anything
Stow owns, it can recompute if lost: symlinks that point into a package in
the stow directory, or directories that only contain symlinks that stow
&ldquo;owns&rdquo;. Note that by this definition, Stow doesn&rsquo;t &ldquo;own&rdquo; anything
<em class="emph">in</em> the stow directory or in any of the packages.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Conflicts-during-installation">
<h3 class="section"><span>5.4 Conflicts during installation<a class="copiable-link" href="#Conflicts-during-installation"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-conflicts"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-installation-conflicts"></a>
<p>If Stow needs to create a directory or a symlink in the target
tree and it cannot because that name is already in use and is not owned
by Stow, then a <em class="dfn">conflict</em> has arisen. See <a class="xref" href="Conflicts.html">Conflicts</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
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<hr>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Introduction-1"><span>1 Introduction<a class="copiable-link" href="#Introduction-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<p>GNU Stow is a symlink farm manager which takes distinct sets of
software and/or data located in separate directories on the
filesystem, and makes them all appear to be installed in a single
directory tree.
</p>
<p>Originally Stow was born to address the need to administer, upgrade,
install, and remove files in independent software packages without
confusing them with other files sharing the same file system space.
For instance, many years ago it used to be common to compile programs
such as Perl and Emacs from source and install them in
<samp class="file">/usr/local</samp>. When one does so, one winds up with the following
files<a class="footnote" id="DOCF1" href="#FOOT1"><sup>1</sup></a> in
<samp class="file">/usr/local/man/man1</samp>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">a2p.1
ctags.1
emacs.1
etags.1
h2ph.1
perl.1
s2p.1
</pre></div>
<p>Now suppose it&rsquo;s time to uninstall Perl. Which man pages
get removed? Obviously <samp class="file">perl.1</samp> is one of them, but it should not
be the administrator&rsquo;s responsibility to memorize the ownership of
individual files by separate packages.
</p>
<p>The approach used by Stow is to install each package into its own
tree, then use symbolic links to make it appear as though the files are
installed in the common tree. Administration can be performed in the
package&rsquo;s private tree in isolation from clutter from other packages.
Stow can then be used to update the symbolic links. The structure
of each private tree should reflect the desired structure in the common
tree; i.e. (in the typical case) there should be a <samp class="file">bin</samp> directory
containing executables, a <samp class="file">man/man1</samp> directory containing section 1
man pages, and so on.
</p>
<p>While this is useful for keeping track of system-wide and per-user
installations of software built from source, in more recent times
software packages are often managed by more sophisticated package
management software such as
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rpm_(software)"><code class="command">rpm</code></a>,
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dpkg"><code class="command">dpkg</code></a>, and
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nix_package_manager">Nix</a> /
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Guix">GNU Guix</a>, or
language-native package managers such as
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RubyGems">Ruby&rsquo;s <code class="command">gem</code></a>,
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pip_(package_manager)">Python&rsquo;s
<code class="command">pip</code></a>, <a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Npm_(software)">Javascript&rsquo;s <code class="command">npm</code></a>, and so on.
</p>
<p>However Stow is still used not only for software package management,
but also for other purposes, such as facilitating a more controlled
approach to management of configuration files in the user&rsquo;s home
directory<a class="footnote" id="DOCF2" href="#FOOT2"><sup>2</sup></a>,
especially when coupled with version control
systems<a class="footnote" id="DOCF3" href="#FOOT3"><sup>3</sup></a>.
</p>
<p>Stow was inspired by Carnegie Mellon&rsquo;s Depot program, but is
substantially simpler and safer. Whereas Depot required database
files to keep things in sync, Stow stores no extra state between runs,
so there&rsquo;s no danger (as there was in Depot) of mangling directories
when file hierarchies don&rsquo;t match the database. Also unlike Depot,
Stow will never delete any files, directories, or links that appear in
a Stow directory (e.g., <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/emacs</samp>), so it&rsquo;s always
possible to rebuild the target tree (e.g., <samp class="file">/usr/local</samp>).
</p>
<p>Stow is implemented as a combination of a Perl script providing a CLI
interface, and a backend Perl module which does most of the work.
</p>
<p>For information about the latest version of Stow, you can refer to
<a class="uref" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/stow/">http://www.gnu.org/software/stow/</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="footnotes-segment">
<hr>
<h4 class="footnotes-heading">Footnotes</h4>
<h5 class="footnote-body-heading"><a id="FOOT1" href="#DOCF1">(1)</a></h5>
<p>As of Perl 4.036 and Emacs 19.22. These are now
ancient releases but the example still holds valid.</p>
<h5 class="footnote-body-heading"><a id="FOOT2" href="#DOCF2">(2)</a></h5>
<p><a class="uref" href="http://brandon.invergo.net/news/2012-05-26-using-gnu-stow-to-manage-your-dotfiles.html">http://brandon.invergo.net/news/2012-05-26-using-gnu-stow-to-manage-your-dotfiles.html</a></p>
<h5 class="footnote-body-heading"><a id="FOOT3" href="#DOCF3">(3)</a></h5>
<p><a class="uref" href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-stow/2011-12/msg00000.html">http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-stow/2011-12/msg00000.html</a></p>
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<hr>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Invoking-Stow-1"><span>3 Invoking Stow<a class="copiable-link" href="#Invoking-Stow-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<p>The syntax of the <code class="command">stow</code> command is:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">stow [<var class="var">options</var>] [<var class="var">action flag</var>] <var class="var">package ...</var>
</pre></div>
<p>Each <var class="var">package</var> is the name of a package (e.g., &lsquo;<samp class="samp">perl</samp>&rsquo;) in the stow
directory that we wish to install into (or delete from) the target directory.
The default action is to install the given packages, although alternate actions
may be specified by preceding the package name(s) with an <var class="var">action flag</var>.
</p>
<p>The following options are supported:
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-d <var class="var">dir</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--dir=<var class="var">dir</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Set the stow directory to <var class="var">dir</var>. Defaults to the value of the environment
variable <code class="env">STOW_DIR</code> if set, or the current directory otherwise.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-t <var class="var">dir</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--target=<var class="var">dir</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Set the target directory to <var class="var">dir</var> instead of the parent of the stow
directory. Defaults to the parent of the stow directory, so it is typical to
execute <code class="command">stow</code> from the directory <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--ignore=<var class="var">regexp</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>This (repeatable) option lets you suppress acting on files that match the
given Perl regular expression. For example, using the options
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">--ignore='.*\.orig' --ignore='.*\.dist'
</pre></div>
<p>will cause stow to ignore files ending in <samp class="file">.orig</samp> or <samp class="file">.dist</samp>.
</p>
<p>Note that the regular expression is anchored to the end of the filename,
because this is what you will want to do most of the time.
</p>
<p>Also note that by default Stow automatically ignores a &ldquo;sensible&rdquo;
built-in list of files and directories such as <samp class="file">CVS</samp>, editor
backup files, and so on. See <a class="xref" href="Ignore-Lists.html">Ignore Lists</a>, for more details.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--defer=<var class="var">regexp</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>This (repeatable) option avoids stowing a file matching the given
regular expression, if that file is already stowed by another package.
This is effectively the opposite of <samp class="option">--override</samp>.
</p>
<p>(N.B. the name <samp class="option">--defer</samp> was chosen in the sense that the package
currently being stowed is treated with lower precedence than any
already installed package, not in the sense that the operation is
being postponed to be run at a later point in time; do not confuse
this nomenclature with the wording used in <a class="ref" href="Conflicts.html#Deferred-Operation">Deferred Operation</a>.)
</p>
<p>For example, the following options
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">--defer=man --defer=info
</pre></div>
<p>will cause stow to skip over pre-existing man and info pages.
</p>
<p>Equivalently, you could use &lsquo;<samp class="samp">--defer='man|info'</samp>&rsquo; since the
argument is just a Perl regular expression.
</p>
<p>Note that the regular expression is anchored to the beginning of the path
relative to the target directory, because this is what you will want to do most
of the time.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--override=<var class="var">regexp</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>This (repeatable) option forces any file matching the regular expression to be
stowed, even if the file is already stowed to another package. For example,
the following options
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">--override=man --override=info
</pre></div>
<p>will permit stow to overwrite links that point to pre-existing man and info
pages that are owned by stow and would otherwise cause a conflict.
</p>
<p>The regular expression is anchored to the beginning of the path relative to
the target directory, because this is what you will want to do most of the time.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-dotfiles"></a><span>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--dotfiles</samp>&rsquo;<a class="copiable-link" href="#index-dotfiles"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Enable special handling for <em class="emph">dotfiles</em> (files or folders whose
name begins with a period) in the package directory. If this option is
enabled, Stow will add a preprocessing step for each file or folder
whose name begins with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">dot-</samp>&rsquo;, and replace the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">dot-</samp>&rsquo; prefix
in the name by a period &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.</samp>&rsquo;. This is useful when Stow is used to
manage collections of dotfiles, to avoid having a package directory
full of hidden files.
</p>
<p>For example, suppose we have a package containing two files,
<samp class="file">stow/dot-bashrc</samp> and <samp class="file">stow/dot-emacs.d/init.el</samp>. With this
option, Stow will create symlinks from <samp class="file">.bashrc</samp> to
<samp class="file">stow/dot-bashrc</samp> and from <samp class="file">.emacs.d/init.el</samp> to
<samp class="file">stow/dot-emacs.d/init.el</samp>. Any other files, whose name does not
begin with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">dot-</samp>&rsquo;, will be processed as usual.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--no-folding</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd>
<p>This disables any further tree folding (see <a class="pxref" href="Installing-Packages.html#tree-folding">tree folding</a>) or
refolding (see <a class="pxref" href="Deleting-Packages.html#tree-refolding">tree refolding</a>). If a new subdirectory is
encountered whilst stowing a new package, the subdirectory is created
within the target, and its contents are symlinked, rather than just
creating a symlink for the directory. If removal of symlinks whilst
unstowing a package causes a subtree to be foldable (i.e. only
containing symlinks to a single package), that subtree will not be
removed and replaced with a symlink.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-adopting-existing-files"></a><span>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--adopt</samp>&rsquo;<a class="copiable-link" href="#index-adopting-existing-files"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dd><p><strong class="strong">Warning!</strong> This behaviour is specifically intended to alter the
contents of your stow directory. If you do not want that, this option
is not for you.
</p>
<p>When stowing, if a target is encountered which already exists but is a
plain file (and hence not owned by any existing stow package), then
normally Stow will register this as a conflict and refuse to proceed.
This option changes that behaviour so that the file is moved to the
same relative place within the package&rsquo;s installation image within the
stow directory, and then stowing proceeds as before. So effectively,
the file becomes adopted by the stow package, without its contents
changing.
</p>
<p>This is particularly useful when the stow package is under the control
of a version control system, because it allows files in the target
tree, with potentially different contents to the equivalent versions
in the stow package&rsquo;s installation image, to be adopted into the
package, then compared by running something like &lsquo;<samp class="samp">git diff ...</samp>&rsquo;
inside the stow package, and finally either kept (e.g. via &lsquo;<samp class="samp">git
commit ...</samp>&rsquo;) or discarded (&lsquo;<samp class="samp">git checkout HEAD ...</samp>&rsquo;).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-simulated-run"></a>
<a id="index-dry-run"></a><span>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-n</samp>&rsquo;<a class="copiable-link" href="#index-dry-run"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--no</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--simulate</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Do not perform any operations that modify the file system; in combination with
<samp class="option">-v</samp> can be used to merely show what would happen.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="index-verbosity-levels"></a><span>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-v</samp>&rsquo;<a class="copiable-link" href="#index-verbosity-levels"> &para;</a></span></dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--verbose[=<var class="var">n</var>]</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Send verbose output to standard error describing what Stow is
doing. Verbosity levels are from 0 to 5; 0 is the default. Using
<samp class="option">-v</samp> or <samp class="option">--verbose</samp> increases the verbosity by one; using
&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--verbose=<var class="var">n</var></samp>&rsquo; sets it to <var class="var">n</var>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-p</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--compat</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Scan the whole target tree when unstowing. By default, only
directories specified in the <em class="dfn">installation image</em> are scanned
during an unstow operation. Scanning the whole tree can be
prohibitive if your target tree is very large. This option restores
the legacy behaviour; however, the <samp class="option">--badlinks</samp> option to the
<code class="command">chkstow</code> utility may be a better way of ensuring that your
installation does not have any dangling symlinks (see <a class="pxref" href="Target-Maintenance.html">Target Maintenance</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-V</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--version</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Show Stow version number, and exit.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-h</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--help</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Show Stow command syntax, and exit.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>The following <var class="var">action flags</var> are supported:
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-D</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--delete</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Delete (unstow) the package name(s) that follow this option from the <em class="dfn">target
directory</em>. This option may be repeated any number of times.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-R</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--restow</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Restow (first unstow, then stow again) the package names that follow this
option. This is useful for pruning obsolete symlinks from the target tree
after updating the software in a package. This option may be repeated any
number of times.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-S</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--stow</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>explictly stow the package name(s) that follow this option. May be
omitted if you are not using the <samp class="option">-D</samp> or <samp class="option">-R</samp> options in the
same invocation. See <a class="xref" href="Mixing-Operations.html">Mixing Operations</a>, for details of when you
might like to use this feature. This option may be repeated any number
of times.
</p></dd>
</dl>
</div>
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</div>
<hr>
<h3 class="section" id="Justification-For-Yet-Another-Set-Of-Ignore-Files-1"><span>4.3 Justification For Yet Another Set Of Ignore Files<a class="copiable-link" href="#Justification-For-Yet-Another-Set-Of-Ignore-Files-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<p>The reader may note that this format is very similar to existing
ignore list file formats, such as those for <code class="command">cvs</code>, <code class="command">git</code>,
<code class="command">rsync</code> etc., and wonder if another set of ignore lists is
justified. However there are good reasons why Stow does not simply
check for the presence of say, <samp class="file">.cvsignore</samp>, and use that if it
exists. Firstly, there is no guarantee that a stow package would
contain any version control meta-data, or permit introducing this if
it didn&rsquo;t already exist.
</p>
<p>Secondly even if it did, version control system ignore lists generally
reflect <em class="emph">build-time</em> ignores rather than <em class="emph">install-time</em>, and
there may be some intermediate or temporary files on those ignore
lists generated during development or at build-time which it would be
inappropriate to stow, even though many files generated at build-time
(binaries, libraries, documentation etc.) certainly do need to be
stowed. Similarly, if a file is <em class="emph">not</em> in the version control
system&rsquo;s ignore list, there is no way of knowing whether the file is
intended for end use, let alone whether the version control system is
tracking it or not.
</p>
<p>Therefore it seems clear that ignore lists provided by version control
systems do not provide sufficient information for Stow to determine
which files and directories to stow, and so it makes sense for Stow to
support independent ignore lists.
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<hr>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Known-Bugs-1"><span>15 Known Bugs<a class="copiable-link" href="#Known-Bugs-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<p>There are no known bugs in Stow version 2.3.2-fixbug56727!
If you think you have found one, please see <a class="pxref" href="Reporting-Bugs.html">Reporting Bugs</a>.
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<hr>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Mixing-Operations-1"><span>8 Mixing Operations<a class="copiable-link" href="#Mixing-Operations-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-mixing-operations"></a>
<p>Since version 2.0, multiple distinct actions can be specified in a single
invocation of GNU Stow. For example, to update an installation of Emacs from
version 21.3 to 21.4a you can now do the following:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">stow -D emacs-21.3 -S emacs-21.4a
</pre></div>
<p>which will replace emacs-21.3 with emacs-21.4a using a single invocation.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-deferred-operation-1"></a>
<p>This is much faster and cleaner than performing two separate
invocations of stow, because redundant folding/unfolding operations
can be factored out. In addition, all the operations are calculated
and merged before being executed (see <a class="pxref" href="Conflicts.html#Deferred-Operation">Deferred Operation</a>), so the
amount of of time in which GNU Emacs is unavailable is minimised.
</p>
<p>You can mix and match any number of actions, for example,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">stow -S pkg1 pkg2 -D pkg3 pkg4 -S pkg5 -R pkg6
</pre></div>
<p>will unstow pkg3, pkg4 and pkg6, then stow pkg1, pkg2, pkg5 and pkg6.
</p>
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<hr>
<h3 class="section" id="Motivation-For-Ignore-Lists-1"><span>4.1 Motivation For Ignore Lists<a class="copiable-link" href="#Motivation-For-Ignore-Lists-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<p>In many situations, there will exist files under the package
directories which it would be undesirable to stow into the target
directory. For example, files related version control such as
<samp class="file">.gitignore</samp>, <samp class="file">CVS</samp>, <samp class="file">*,v</samp> (RCS files) should typically
not have symlinks from the target tree pointing to them. Also there
may be files or directories relating to the build of the package which
are not needed at run-time.
</p>
<p>In these cases, it can be rather cumbersome to specify a
<samp class="option">--ignore</samp> parameter for each file or directory to be ignored.
This could be worked around by ensuring the existence of
<samp class="file">~/.stowrc</samp> containing multiple <samp class="option">--ignore</samp> lines, or if a
different set of files/directories should be ignored depending on
which stow package is involved, a <samp class="file">.stowrc</samp> file for each stow
package, but this would require the user to ensure that they were in
the correct directory before invoking stow, which would be tedious and
error-prone. Furthermore, since Stow shifts parameters from
<samp class="file">.stowrc</samp> onto ARGV at run-time, it could clutter up the process
table with excessively long parameter lists, or even worse, exceed the
operating system&rsquo;s limit for process arguments.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ignore-lists-1"></a>
<p>Therefore in addition to <samp class="option">--ignore</samp> parameters, Stow provides a
way to specify lists of files and directories to ignore.
</p>
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<hr>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Multiple-Stow-Directories-1"><span>9 Multiple Stow Directories<a class="copiable-link" href="#Multiple-Stow-Directories-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<p>If there are two or more system administrators who wish to maintain
software separately, or if there is any other reason to want two or more
stow directories, it can be done by creating a file named <samp class="file">.stow</samp>
in each stow directory. The presence of <samp class="file">/usr/local/foo/.stow</samp>
informs Stow that, though <samp class="file">foo</samp> is not the current stow
directory, even if it is a subdirectory of the target directory,
nevertheless it is <em class="emph">a</em> stow directory and as such Stow
doesn&rsquo;t &ldquo;own&rdquo; anything in it (see <a class="pxref" href="Installing-Packages.html">Installing Packages</a>). This will
protect the contents of <samp class="file">foo</samp> from a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">stow -D</samp>&rsquo;, for instance.
</p>
<p>When multiple stow directories share a target tree, if a tree-folding
symlink is encountered and needs to be split open during an
installation, as long as the top-level stow directory into which the
existing symlink points contains <samp class="file">.stow</samp>, Stow knows how to split
open the tree in the correct manner.
</p>
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<hr>
<h3 class="section" id="Other-FSF-Software-1"><span>12.3 Other FSF Software<a class="copiable-link" href="#Other-FSF-Software-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<p>The Free Software Foundation, the organization behind the GNU project,
has been unifying the build procedure for its tools for some time.
Thanks to its tools &lsquo;<samp class="samp">autoconf</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">automake</samp>&rsquo;, most packages
now respond well to these simple steps, with no other intervention
necessary:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">./configure <var class="var">options</var>
make
make install prefix=/usr/local/stow/<var class="var">package</var>
</pre></div>
<p>Hopefully, these tools can evolve to be aware of Stow-managed packages,
such that providing an option to &lsquo;<samp class="samp">configure</samp>&rsquo; can allow &lsquo;<samp class="samp">make</samp>&rsquo;
and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">make install</samp>&rsquo; steps to work correctly without needing to
&ldquo;fool&rdquo; the build process.
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<div class="section-level-extent" id="Perl-and-Perl-5-Modules">
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<hr>
<h3 class="section" id="Perl-and-Perl-5-Modules-1"><span>12.5 Perl and Perl 5 Modules<a class="copiable-link" href="#Perl-and-Perl-5-Modules-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<p>Perl 4.036 allows you to specify different locations for installation
and for run-time. It is the only widely-used package in this author&rsquo;s
experience that allows this, though hopefully more packages will adopt
this model.
</p>
<p>Unfortunately, the authors of Perl believed that only AFS sites need
this ability. The configuration instructions for Perl 4 misleadingly
state that some occult means are used under AFS to transport files from
their installation tree to their run-time tree. In fact, that confusion
arises from the fact that Depot, Stow&rsquo;s predecessor, originated at
Carnegie Mellon University, which was also the birthplace of AFS. CMU&rsquo;s
need to separate install-time and run-time trees stemmed from its use of
Depot, not from AFS.
</p>
<p>The result of this confusion is that Perl 5&rsquo;s configuration script
doesn&rsquo;t even offer the option of separating install-time and run-time
trees <em class="emph">unless</em> you&rsquo;re running AFS. Fortunately, after you&rsquo;ve
entered all the configuration settings, Perl&rsquo;s setup script gives you
the opportunity to edit those settings in a file called
<samp class="file">config.sh</samp>. When prompted, you should edit this file and replace
occurrences of
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">inst<span class="r">...</span>/usr/local<span class="r">...</span>
</pre></div>
<p>with
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">inst<span class="r">...</span>/usr/local/stow/perl<span class="r">...</span>
</pre></div>
<p>You can do this with the following Unix command:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">sed 's,^\(inst.*/usr/local\),\1/stow/perl,' config.sh &gt; config.sh.new
mv config.sh.new config.sh
</pre></div>
<p>Hopefully, the Perl authors will correct this deficiency in Perl 5&rsquo;s
configuration mechanism.
</p>
<p>Perl 5 modules&mdash;i.e., extensions to Perl 5&mdash;generally conform to a set
of standards for building and installing them. The standard says that
the package comes with a top-level <samp class="file">Makefile.PL</samp>, which is a Perl
script. When it runs, it generates a <samp class="file">Makefile</samp>.
</p>
<p>If you followed the instructions above for editing <samp class="file">config.sh</samp> when
Perl was built, then when you create a <samp class="file">Makefile</samp> from a
<samp class="file">Makefile.PL</samp>, it will contain separate locations for run-time
(<samp class="file">/usr/local</samp>) and install-time (<samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/perl</samp>).
Thus you can do
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">perl Makefile.PL
make
make install
</pre></div>
<p>and the files will be installed into <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/perl</samp>.
However, you might prefer each Perl module to be stowed separately. In
that case, you must edit the resulting Makefile, replacing
<samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/perl</samp> with <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/<var class="var">module</var></samp>.
The best way to do this is:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">perl Makefile.PL
find . -name Makefile -print | \
xargs perl -pi~ -e 's,^(INST.*/stow)/perl,$1/<var class="var">module</var>,;'
make
make install
</pre></div>
<p>(The use of &lsquo;<samp class="samp">find</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">xargs</samp>&rsquo; ensures that all Makefiles in
the module&rsquo;s source tree, even those in subdirectories, get edited.) A
good convention to follow is to name the stow directory for a Perl
<var class="var">module</var> <samp class="file">cpan.<var class="var">module</var></samp>, where &lsquo;<samp class="samp">cpan</samp>&rsquo; stands for
Comprehensive Perl Archive Network, a collection of FTP sites that is
the source of most Perl 5 extensions. This way, it&rsquo;s easy to tell at a
glance which of the subdirectories of <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow</samp> are Perl 5
extensions.
</p>
<p>When you stow separate Perl 5 modules separately, you are likely to
encounter conflicts (see <a class="pxref" href="Conflicts.html">Conflicts</a>) with files named <samp class="file">.exists</samp>
and <samp class="file">perllocal.pod</samp>. One way to work around this is to remove
those files before stowing the module. If you use the
<samp class="file">cpan.<var class="var">module</var></samp> naming convention, you can simply do this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">cd /usr/local/stow
find cpan.* \( -name .exists -o -name perllocal.pod \) -print | \
xargs rm
</pre></div>
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</div>
<hr>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Reporting-Bugs-1"><span>14 Reporting Bugs<a class="copiable-link" href="#Reporting-Bugs-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<p>Please send bug reports to the current maintainers by electronic
mail. The address to use is &lsquo;<samp class="samp">&lt;bug-stow@gnu.org&gt;</samp>&rsquo;. Please
include:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>the version number of Stow (&lsquo;<samp class="samp">stow --version</samp>&rsquo;);
</li><li>the version number of Perl (&lsquo;<samp class="samp">perl -v</samp>&rsquo;);
</li><li>the system information, which can often be obtained with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">uname
-a</samp>&rsquo;;
</li><li>a description of the bug;
</li><li>the precise command you gave;
</li><li>the output from the command (preferably verbose output, obtained by
adding &lsquo;<samp class="samp">--verbose=3</samp>&rsquo; to the Stow command line).
</li></ul>
<p>If you are really keen, consider developing a minimal test case and
creating a new test. See the <samp class="file">t/</samp> directory in the source for
lots of examples.
</p>
<p>Before reporting a bug, please read the manual carefully, especially
<a class="ref" href="Known-Bugs.html">Known Bugs</a>, to see whether you&rsquo;re encountering
something that doesn&rsquo;t need reporting.
(see <a class="pxref" href="Conflicts.html">Conflicts</a>).
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</div>
<hr>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Resource-Files-1"><span>11 Resource Files<a class="copiable-link" href="#Resource-Files-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-resource-files"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-configuration-files"></a>
<p>Default command line options may be set in <samp class="file">.stowrc</samp> (current
directory) or <samp class="file">~/.stowrc</samp> (home directory). These are parsed in
that order, and are appended together if they both exist. The effect of
the options in the resource file is similar to simply prepending the
options to the command line. This feature can be used for some
interesting effects.
</p>
<p>For example, suppose your site uses more than one stow directory, perhaps in
order to share around responsibilities with a number of systems
administrators. One of the administrators might have the following in their
<samp class="file">~/.stowrc</samp> file:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">--dir=/usr/local/stow2
--target=/usr/local
--ignore='~'
--ignore='^CVS'
</pre></div>
<p>so that the <code class="command">stow</code> command will default to operating on the
<samp class="file">/usr/local/stow2</samp> directory, with <samp class="file">/usr/local</samp> as the
target, and ignoring vi backup files and CVS directories.
</p>
<p>If you had a stow directory <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/perl-extras</samp> that
was only used for Perl modules, then you might place the following in
<samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/perl-extras/.stowrc</samp>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">--dir=/usr/local/stow/perl-extras
--target=/usr/local
--override=bin
--override=man
--ignore='perllocal\.pod'
--ignore='\.packlist'
--ignore='\.bs'
</pre></div>
<p>so that when you are in the <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/perl-extras</samp>
directory, <code class="command">stow</code> will regard any subdirectories as stow
packages, with <samp class="file">/usr/local</samp> as the target (rather than the
immediate parent directory <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow</samp>), overriding any
pre-existing links to bin files or man pages, and ignoring some cruft
that gets installed by default.
</p>
<p>If an option is provided both on the command line and in a resource file,
the command line option takes precedence. For options that provide a single
value, such as <code class="command">--target</code> or <code class="command">--dir</code>, the command line
option will overwrite any options in the resource file. For options that can
be given more than once, <code class="command">--ignore</code> for example, command line
options and resource options are appended together.
</p>
<p>For options that take a file path, environment variables and the tilde
character (<code class="command">~</code>) are expanded. An environment variable can be
given in either the <code class="command">$VAR</code> or <code class="command">${VAR}</code> form. To
prevent expansion, escape the <code class="command">$</code> or <code class="command">~</code> with a
backslash.
</p>
<p>The options <code class="command">-D</code>, <code class="command">-S</code>, and <code class="command">-R</code> are ignored in
resource files. This is also true of any package names given in the
resource file.
</p>
</div>
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<hr>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Target-Maintenance-1"><span>10 Target Maintenance<a class="copiable-link" href="#Target-Maintenance-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-maintenance"></a>
<p>From time to time you will need to clean up your target tree. Since
version 2, Stow provides a new utility <code class="command">chkstow</code> to help with
this. It includes three operational modes which performs checks that
would generally be too expensive to be performed during normal stow
execution.
</p>
<p>The syntax of the <code class="command">chkstow</code> command is:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">chkstow [<var class="var">options</var>]
</pre></div>
<p>The following options are supported:
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-t <var class="var">dir</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--target=<var class="var">dir</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Set the target directory to <var class="var">dir</var> instead of the parent of the stow
directory. Defaults to the parent of the stow directory, so it is typical to
execute <code class="command">stow</code> from the directory <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-b</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--badlinks</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Checks target directory for bogus symbolic links. That is, links that point to
non-existent files.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-a</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--aliens</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Checks for files in the target directory that are not symbolic links. The
target directory should be managed by stow alone, except for directories that
contain a <samp class="file">.stow</samp> file.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">-l</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp class="samp">--list</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Will display the target package for every symbolic link in the stow target
directory.
</p>
</dd>
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<hr>
<h2 class="chapter" id="Terminology-1"><span>2 Terminology<a class="copiable-link" href="#Terminology-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package"></a>
<p>A <em class="dfn">package</em> is a related collection of files and directories that
you wish to administer as a unit &mdash; e.g., Perl or Emacs &mdash; and that needs
to be installed in a particular directory structure &mdash; e.g., with
<samp class="file">bin</samp>, <samp class="file">lib</samp>, and <samp class="file">man</samp> subdirectories.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-target-directory"></a>
<p>A <em class="dfn">target directory</em> is the root of a tree in which one or more
packages wish to <em class="emph">appear</em> to be installed. A common, but by no
means the only such location is <samp class="file">/usr/local</samp>. The examples in this
manual will use <samp class="file">/usr/local</samp> as the target directory.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-stow-directory"></a>
<p>A <em class="dfn">stow directory</em> is the root of a tree containing separate
packages in private subtrees. When Stow runs, it uses the current
directory as the default stow directory. The examples in this manual
will use <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow</samp> as the stow directory, so that
individual packages will be, for example, <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/perl</samp>
and <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/emacs</samp>.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-installation-image"></a>
<p>An <em class="dfn">installation image</em> is the layout of files and directories
required by a package, relative to the target directory. Thus, the
installation image for Perl includes: a <samp class="file">bin</samp> directory containing
<samp class="file">perl</samp> and <samp class="file">a2p</samp> (among others); an <samp class="file">info</samp> directory
containing Texinfo documentation; a <samp class="file">lib/perl</samp> directory containing
Perl libraries; and a <samp class="file">man/man1</samp> directory containing man pages.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package-directory"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package-name"></a>
<p>A <em class="dfn">package directory</em> is the root of a tree containing the
installation image for a particular package. Each package directory
must reside in a stow directory &mdash; e.g., the package directory
<samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/perl</samp> must reside in the stow directory
<samp class="file">/usr/local/stow</samp>. The <em class="dfn">name</em> of a package is the name of its
directory within the stow directory &mdash; e.g., <samp class="file">perl</samp>.
</p>
<p>Thus, the Perl executable might reside in
<samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/perl/bin/perl</samp>, where <samp class="file">/usr/local</samp> is the
target directory, <samp class="file">/usr/local/stow</samp> is the stow directory,
<samp class="file">/usr/local/stow/perl</samp> is the package directory, and
<samp class="file">bin/perl</samp> within is part of the installation image.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-symlink"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-relative-symlink"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-absolute-symlink"></a>
<p>A <em class="dfn">symlink</em> is a symbolic link. A symlink can be <em class="dfn">relative</em> or
<em class="dfn">absolute</em>. An absolute symlink names a full path; that is, one
starting from <samp class="file">/</samp>. A relative symlink names a relative path; that
is, one not starting from <samp class="file">/</samp>. The target of a relative symlink is
computed starting from the symlink&rsquo;s own directory. Stow only
creates relative symlinks.
</p>
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<hr>
<h3 class="section" id="Types-And-Syntax-Of-Ignore-Lists-1"><span>4.2 Types And Syntax Of Ignore Lists<a class="copiable-link" href="#Types-And-Syntax-Of-Ignore-Lists-1"> &para;</a></span></h3>
<p>If you put Perl regular expressions, one per line, in a
<samp class="file">.stow-local-ignore</samp> file within any top level package directory,
in which case any file or directory within that package matching any
of these regular expressions will be ignored. In the absence of this
package-specific ignore list, Stow will instead use the contents of
<samp class="file">~/.stow-global-ignore</samp>, if it exists. If neither the
package-local or global ignore list exist, Stow will use its own
built-in default ignore list, which serves as a useful example of the
format of these ignore list files:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="verbatim"># Comments and blank lines are allowed.
RCS
.+,v
CVS
\.\#.+ # CVS conflict files / emacs lock files
\.cvsignore
\.svn
_darcs
\.hg
\.git
\.gitignore
.+~ # emacs backup files
\#.*\# # emacs autosave files
^/README.*
^/LICENSE.*
^/COPYING
</pre></div>
<p>Stow first iterates through the chosen ignore list (built-in, global,
or package-local) as per above, stripping out comments (if you want to
include the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">#</samp>&rsquo; symbol in a regular expression, escape it with a
blackslash) and blank lines, placing each regular expressions into one
of two sets depending on whether it contains the &lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo; forward
slash symbol.
</p>
<p>Then in order to determine whether a file or directory should be
ignored:
</p>
<ol class="enumerate">
<li> Stow calculates its path relative to the top-level package directory,
prefixing that with &lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo;. If any of the regular expressions
containing a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo; <em class="emph">exactly</em><a class="footnote" id="DOCF4" href="#FOOT4"><sup>4</sup></a> match
a subpath<a class="footnote" id="DOCF5" href="#FOOT5"><sup>5</sup></a> of this relative path, then the file or
directory will be ignored.
</li><li> If none of the regular expressions containing a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo; match in the
manner described above, Stow checks whether the
<em class="emph">basename</em><a class="footnote" id="DOCF6" href="#FOOT6"><sup>6</sup></a> of the file or directory matches
<em class="emph">exactly</em> against the remaining regular expressions which do not
contain a &lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo;, and if so, ignores the file or directory.
</li><li> Otherwise, the file or directory is not ignored.
</li></ol>
<p>For example, if a file <samp class="file">bazqux</samp> is in the <samp class="file">foo/bar</samp>
subdirectory of the package directory, Stow would use
&lsquo;<samp class="samp">/foo/bar/bazqux</samp>&rsquo; as the text for matching against regular
expressions which contain &lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">bazqux</samp>&rsquo; as the text for
matching against regular expressions which don&rsquo;t contain &lsquo;<samp class="samp">/</samp>&rsquo;.
Then regular expressions &lsquo;<samp class="samp">bazqux</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">baz.*</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">.*qux</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp class="samp">bar/.*x</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp class="samp">^/foo/.*qux</samp>&rsquo; would all match (causing the
file to be ignored), whereas &lsquo;<samp class="samp">bar</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">baz</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp class="samp">qux</samp>&rsquo;, and
&lsquo;<samp class="samp">o/bar/b</samp>&rsquo; would not (although &lsquo;<samp class="samp">bar</samp>&rsquo; would cause its parent
directory to be ignored and prevent Stow from recursing into that
anyway, in which case the file <samp class="file">bazqux</samp> would not even be
considered for stowing).
</p>
<p>As a special exception to the above algorithm, any
<samp class="file">.stow-local-ignore</samp> present in the top-level package directory
is <em class="emph">always</em> ignored, regardless of the contents of any ignore
list, because this file serves no purpose outside the stow directory.
</p>
</div>
<div class="footnotes-segment">
<hr>
<h4 class="footnotes-heading">Footnotes</h4>
<h5 class="footnote-body-heading"><a id="FOOT4" href="#DOCF4">(4)</a></h5>
<p>Exact matching means the
regular expression is anchored at the beginning and end, in contrast
to unanchored regular expressions which will match a substring.</p>
<h5 class="footnote-body-heading"><a id="FOOT5" href="#DOCF5">(5)</a></h5>
<p>In this context, &ldquo;subpath&rdquo; means a contiguous
subset of path segments; e.g for the relative path
<samp class="file">one/two/three</samp>, there are six valid subpaths: <samp class="file">one</samp>,
<samp class="file">two</samp>, <samp class="file">three</samp>, <samp class="file">one/two</samp>, <samp class="file">two/three</samp>,
<samp class="file">one/two/three</samp>.</p>
<h5 class="footnote-body-heading"><a id="FOOT6" href="#DOCF6">(6)</a></h5>
<p>The &ldquo;basename&rdquo; is the name of the file or
directory itself, excluding any directory path prefix - as returned by
the <code class="command">basename</code> command.</p>
</div>
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<h2 class="unnumbered" id="Index-1"><span>Index<a class="copiable-link" href="#Index-1"> &para;</a></span></h2>
<div class="printindex cp-printindex">
<table class="cp-letters-header-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
&nbsp;
</td></tr></table>
<table class="cp-entries-printindex" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th class="entries-header-printindex">Index Entry</th><th class="sections-header-printindex">Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-A">A</th></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Terminology.html#index-absolute-symlink">absolute symlink</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Terminology.html">Terminology</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Invoking-Stow.html#index-adopting-existing-files">adopting existing files</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Invoking-Stow.html">Invoking Stow</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-C">C</th></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Resource-Files.html#index-configuration-files">configuration files</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Resource-Files.html">Resource Files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Installing-Packages.html#index-conflicts">conflicts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Installing-Packages.html">Installing Packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Conflicts.html#index-conflicts-1">conflicts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Conflicts.html">Conflicts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-D">D</th></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Conflicts.html#index-deferred-operation">deferred operation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Conflicts.html">Conflicts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Mixing-Operations.html#index-deferred-operation-1">deferred operation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Mixing-Operations.html">Mixing Operations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Deleting-Packages.html#index-deletion">deletion</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Deleting-Packages.html">Deleting Packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Installing-Packages.html#index-directory-folding">directory folding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Installing-Packages.html">Installing Packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Invoking-Stow.html#index-dotfiles">dotfiles</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Invoking-Stow.html">Invoking Stow</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Invoking-Stow.html#index-dry-run">dry run</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Invoking-Stow.html">Invoking Stow</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-F">F</th></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Installing-Packages.html#index-folding-trees">folding trees</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Installing-Packages.html">Installing Packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-I">I</th></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Ignore-Lists.html#index-ignore-lists">ignore lists</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Ignore-Lists.html">Ignore Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Motivation-For-Ignore-Lists.html#index-ignore-lists-1">ignore lists</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Motivation-For-Ignore-Lists.html">Motivation For Ignore Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Ignore-Lists.html#index-ignoring-files-and-directories">ignoring files and directories</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Ignore-Lists.html">Ignore Lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Installing-Packages.html#index-installation">installation</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Installing-Packages.html">Installing Packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Installing-Packages.html#index-installation-conflicts">installation conflicts</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Installing-Packages.html">Installing Packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Terminology.html#index-installation-image">installation image</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Terminology.html">Terminology</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-M">M</th></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Target-Maintenance.html#index-maintenance">maintenance</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Target-Maintenance.html">Target Maintenance</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Mixing-Operations.html#index-mixing-operations">mixing operations</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Mixing-Operations.html">Mixing Operations</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-O">O</th></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Installing-Packages.html#index-ownership">ownership</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Installing-Packages.html">Installing Packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-P">P</th></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Terminology.html#index-package">package</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Terminology.html">Terminology</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Terminology.html#index-package-directory">package directory</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Terminology.html">Terminology</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Terminology.html#index-package-name">package name</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Terminology.html">Terminology</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-R">R</th></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Deleting-Packages.html#index-refolding-trees">refolding trees</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Deleting-Packages.html">Deleting Packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Terminology.html#index-relative-symlink">relative symlink</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Terminology.html">Terminology</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Resource-Files.html#index-resource-files">resource files</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Resource-Files.html">Resource Files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-S">S</th></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Invoking-Stow.html#index-simulated-run">simulated run</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Invoking-Stow.html">Invoking Stow</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Installing-Packages.html#index-splitting-open-folded-trees">splitting open folded trees</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Installing-Packages.html">Installing Packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Terminology.html#index-stow-directory">stow directory</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Terminology.html">Terminology</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Terminology.html#index-symlink">symlink</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Terminology.html">Terminology</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-T">T</th></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Terminology.html#index-target-directory">target directory</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Terminology.html">Terminology</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Installing-Packages.html#index-tree-folding">tree folding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Installing-Packages.html">Installing Packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Deleting-Packages.html#index-tree-refolding">tree refolding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Deleting-Packages.html">Deleting Packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Installing-Packages.html#index-tree-unfolding">tree unfolding</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Installing-Packages.html">Installing Packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Installing-Packages.html#index-tree-unsplitting">tree unsplitting</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Installing-Packages.html">Installing Packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-U">U</th></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Installing-Packages.html#index-unfolding-trees">unfolding trees</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Installing-Packages.html">Installing Packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-V">V</th></tr>
<tr><td></td><td class="printindex-index-entry"><a href="Invoking-Stow.html#index-verbosity-levels">verbosity levels</a></td><td class="printindex-index-section"><a href="Invoking-Stow.html">Invoking Stow</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
</table>
<table class="cp-letters-footer-printindex"><tr><th>Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
&nbsp;
<a class="summary-letter-printindex" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
&nbsp;
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<html>
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 7.1, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
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<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<!-- This manual describes GNU Stow version 2.3.2-fixbug56727
(23 October 2023), a program for managing farms of symbolic links.
Software and documentation is copyrighted by the following:
© 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg+stow@zanshin.com>
© 2000, 2001 Guillaume Morin <gmorin@gnu.org>
© 2007 Kahlil (Kal) Hodgson <kahlil@internode.on.net>
© 2011 Adam Spiers <stow@adamspiers.org>
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
section entitled "GNU General Public License" is included with the
modified manual, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is
distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this
one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation
approved by the Free Software Foundation. -->
<title>tree folding (Stow)</title>
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<p>The node you are looking for is at <a href="Installing-Packages.html#tree-folding">tree folding</a>.</p>
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 7.1, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
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<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<!-- This manual describes GNU Stow version 2.3.2-fixbug56727
(23 October 2023), a program for managing farms of symbolic links.
Software and documentation is copyrighted by the following:
© 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Bob Glickstein <bobg+stow@zanshin.com>
© 2000, 2001 Guillaume Morin <gmorin@gnu.org>
© 2007 Kahlil (Kal) Hodgson <kahlil@internode.on.net>
© 2011 Adam Spiers <stow@adamspiers.org>
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
section entitled "GNU General Public License" is included with the
modified manual, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is
distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this
one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation
approved by the Free Software Foundation. -->
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@set UPDATED 23 October 2023
@set UPDATED-MONTH October 2023
@set EDITION 2.3.2-fixbug56727
@set VERSION 2.3.2-fixbug56727

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This is the file .../info/dir, which contains the
topmost node of the Info hierarchy, called (dir)Top.
The first time you invoke Info you start off looking at this node.

File: dir, Node: Top This is the top of the INFO tree
This (the Directory node) gives a menu of major topics.
Typing "q" exits, "H" lists all Info commands, "d" returns here,
"h" gives a primer for first-timers,
"mEmacs<Return>" visits the Emacs manual, etc.
In Emacs, you can click mouse button 2 on a menu item or cross reference
to select it.
* Menu:
System administration
* Stow: (stow). GNU Stow.

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.\" -*- mode: troff; coding: utf-8 -*-
.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 5.01 (Pod::Simple 3.43)
.\"
.\" Standard preamble:
.\" ========================================================================
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
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.ft R
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.ie n \{\
. ds C` ""
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.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
. if \nF \{\
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. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
..
. if !\nF==2 \{\
. nr % 0
. nr F 2
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.\}
.rr rF
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "stow 8"
.TH stow 8 2023-10-23 "perl v5.38.0" "User Contributed Perl Documentation"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH NAME
stow \- manage farms of symbolic links
.SH SYNOPSIS
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
stow [ options ] package ...
.SH DESCRIPTION
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
This manual page describes GNU Stow 2.3.2. This is not the
definitive documentation for Stow; for that, see the accompanying info
manual, e.g. by typing \f(CW\*(C`info stow\*(C'\fR.
.PP
Stow is a symlink farm manager which takes distinct sets of software
and/or data located in separate directories on the filesystem, and
makes them all appear to be installed in a single directory tree.
.PP
Originally Stow was born to address the need to administer, upgrade,
install, and remove files in independent software packages without
confusing them with other files sharing the same file system space.
For instance, many years ago it used to be common to compile programs
such as Perl and Emacs from source. By using Stow, \fI/usr/local/bin\fR
could contain symlinks to files within \fI/usr/local/stow/emacs/bin\fR,
\&\fI/usr/local/stow/perl/bin\fR etc., and likewise recursively for any
other subdirectories such as \fI.../share\fR, \fI.../man\fR, and so on.
.PP
While this is useful for keeping track of system-wide and per-user
installations of software built from source, in more recent times
software packages are often managed by more sophisticated package
management software such as rpm, dpkg, and Nix / GNU Guix, or
language-native package managers such as Ruby's gem, Python's pip,
Javascript's npm, and so on.
.PP
However Stow is still used not only for software package management,
but also for other purposes, such as facilitating a more controlled
approach to management of configuration files in the user's home
directory, especially when coupled with version control systems.
.PP
Stow was inspired by Carnegie Mellon's Depot program, but is
substantially simpler and safer. Whereas Depot required database files
to keep things in sync, Stow stores no extra state between runs, so
there's no danger (as there was in Depot) of mangling directories when
file hierarchies don't match the database. Also unlike Depot, Stow
will never delete any files, directories, or links that appear in a
Stow directory (e.g., \fI/usr/local/stow/emacs\fR), so it's always
possible to rebuild the target tree (e.g., \fI/usr/local\fR).
.PP
Stow is implemented as a combination of a Perl script providing a CLI
interface, and a backend Perl module which does most of the work.
.SH TERMINOLOGY
.IX Header "TERMINOLOGY"
A "package" is a related collection of files and directories that
you wish to administer as a unit \-\- e.g., Perl or Emacs \-\- and that
needs to be installed in a particular directory structure \-\- e.g.,
with \fIbin\fR, \fIlib\fR, and \fIman\fR subdirectories.
.PP
A "target directory" is the root of a tree in which one or more
packages wish to \fBappear\fR to be installed. A common, but by no means
the only such location is \fI/usr/local\fR. The examples in this manual
page will use \fI/usr/local\fR as the target directory.
.PP
A "stow directory" is the root of a tree containing separate
packages in private subtrees. When Stow runs, it uses the current
directory as the default stow directory. The examples in this manual
page will use \fI/usr/local/stow\fR as the stow directory, so that
individual packages will be, for example, \fI/usr/local/stow/perl\fR and
\&\fI/usr/local/stow/emacs\fR.
.PP
An "installation image" is the layout of files and directories
required by a package, relative to the target directory. Thus, the
installation image for Perl includes: a \fIbin\fR directory containing
\&\fIperl\fR and \fIa2p\fR (among others); an \fIinfo\fR directory containing
Texinfo documentation; a \fIlib/perl\fR directory containing Perl
libraries; and a \fIman/man1\fR directory containing man pages.
.PP
A "package directory" is the root of a tree containing the
installation image for a particular package. Each package directory
must reside in a stow directory \-\- e.g., the package directory
\&\fI/usr/local/stow/perl\fR must reside in the stow directory
\&\fI/usr/local/stow\fR. The "name" of a package is the name of its
directory within the stow directory \-\- e.g., \fIperl\fR.
.PP
Thus, the Perl executable might reside in
\&\fI/usr/local/stow/perl/bin/perl\fR, where \fI/usr/local\fR is the target
directory, \fI/usr/local/stow\fR is the stow directory,
\&\fI/usr/local/stow/perl\fR is the package directory, and \fIbin/perl\fR
within is part of the installation image.
.PP
A "symlink" is a symbolic link. A symlink can be "relative" or
"absolute". An absolute symlink names a full path; that is, one
starting from \fI/\fR. A relative symlink names a relative path; that
is, one not starting from \fI/\fR. The target of a relative symlink is
computed starting from the symlink's own directory. Stow only creates
relative symlinks.
.SH OPTIONS
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
The stow directory is assumed to be the value of the \f(CW\*(C`STOW_DIR\*(C'\fR
environment variable or if unset the current directory, and the target
directory is assumed to be the parent of the current directory (so it
is typical to execute \fIstow\fR from the directory \fI/usr/local/stow\fR).
Each \fIpackage\fR given on the command line is the name of a package in
the stow directory (e.g., \fIperl\fR). By default, they are installed
into the target directory (but they can be deleted instead using
\&\f(CW\*(C`\-D\*(C'\fR).
.IP \-n 4
.IX Item "-n"
.PD 0
.IP \-\-no 4
.IX Item "--no"
.IP \-\-simulate 4
.IX Item "--simulate"
.PD
Do not perform any operations that modify the filesystem; merely show
what would happen.
.IP "\-d DIR" 4
.IX Item "-d DIR"
.PD 0
.IP \-\-dir=DIR 4
.IX Item "--dir=DIR"
.PD
Set the stow directory to \f(CW\*(C`DIR\*(C'\fR instead of the current directory.
This also has the effect of making the default target directory be the
parent of \f(CW\*(C`DIR\*(C'\fR.
.IP "\-t DIR" 4
.IX Item "-t DIR"
.PD 0
.IP \-\-target=DIR 4
.IX Item "--target=DIR"
.PD
Set the target directory to \f(CW\*(C`DIR\*(C'\fR instead of the parent of the stow
directory.
.IP \-v 4
.IX Item "-v"
.PD 0
.IP \-\-verbose[=N] 4
.IX Item "--verbose[=N]"
.PD
Send verbose output to standard error describing what Stow is
doing. Verbosity levels are from 0 to 5; 0 is the default.
Using \f(CW\*(C`\-v\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`\-\-verbose\*(C'\fR increases the verbosity by one; using
`\-\-verbose=N' sets it to N.
.IP \-S 4
.IX Item "-S"
.PD 0
.IP \-\-stow 4
.IX Item "--stow"
.PD
Stow the packages that follow this option into the target directory.
This is the default action and so can be omitted if you are only
stowing packages rather than performing a mixture of
stow/delete/restow actions.
.IP \-D 4
.IX Item "-D"
.PD 0
.IP \-\-delete 4
.IX Item "--delete"
.PD
Unstow the packages that follow this option from the target directory rather
than installing them.
.IP \-R 4
.IX Item "-R"
.PD 0
.IP \-\-restow 4
.IX Item "--restow"
.PD
Restow packages (first unstow, then stow again). This is useful
for pruning obsolete symlinks from the target tree after updating
the software in a package.
.IP \-\-adopt 4
.IX Item "--adopt"
\&\fBWarning!\fR This behaviour is specifically intended to alter the
contents of your stow directory. If you do not want that, this option
is not for you.
.Sp
When stowing, if a target is encountered which already exists but is a
plain file (and hence not owned by any existing stow package), then
normally Stow will register this as a conflict and refuse to proceed.
This option changes that behaviour so that the file is moved to the
same relative place within the package's installation image within the
stow directory, and then stowing proceeds as before. So effectively,
the file becomes adopted by the stow package, without its contents
changing.
.IP \-\-no\-folding 4
.IX Item "--no-folding"
Disable folding of newly stowed directories when stowing, and
refolding of newly foldable directories when unstowing.
.IP \-\-ignore=REGEX 4
.IX Item "--ignore=REGEX"
Ignore files ending in this Perl regex.
.IP \-\-defer=REGEX 4
.IX Item "--defer=REGEX"
Don't stow files beginning with this Perl regex if the file is already
stowed to another package.
.IP \-\-override=REGEX 4
.IX Item "--override=REGEX"
Force stowing files beginning with this Perl regex if the file is
already stowed to another package.
.IP \-\-dotfiles 4
.IX Item "--dotfiles"
Enable special handling for "dotfiles" (files or folders whose name
begins with a period) in the package directory. If this option is
enabled, Stow will add a preprocessing step for each file or folder
whose name begins with "dot\-", and replace the "dot\-" prefix in the
name by a period (.). This is useful when Stow is used to manage
collections of dotfiles, to avoid having a package directory full of
hidden files.
.Sp
For example, suppose we have a package containing two files,
\&\fIstow/dot\-bashrc\fR and \fIstow/dot\-emacs.d/init.el\fR. With this option,
Stow will create symlinks from \fI.bashrc\fR to \fIstow/dot\-bashrc\fR and
from \fI.emacs.d/init.el\fR to \fIstow/dot\-emacs.d/init.el\fR. Any other
files, whose name does not begin with "dot\-", will be processed as usual.
.IP \-V 4
.IX Item "-V"
.PD 0
.IP \-\-version 4
.IX Item "--version"
.PD
Show Stow version number, and exit.
.IP \-h 4
.IX Item "-h"
.PD 0
.IP \-\-help 4
.IX Item "--help"
.PD
Show Stow command syntax, and exit.
.SH "INSTALLING PACKAGES"
.IX Header "INSTALLING PACKAGES"
The default action of Stow is to install a package. This means
creating symlinks in the target tree that point into the package tree.
Stow attempts to do this with as few symlinks as possible; in other
words, if Stow can create a single symlink that points to an entire
subtree within the package tree, it will choose to do that rather than
create a directory in the target tree and populate it with symlinks.
.PP
For example, suppose that no packages have yet been installed in
\&\fI/usr/local\fR; it's completely empty (except for the \fIstow\fR
subdirectory, of course). Now suppose the Perl package is installed.
Recall that it includes the following directories in its installation
image: \fIbin\fR; \fIinfo\fR; \fIlib/perl\fR; \fIman/man1\fR. Rather than
creating the directory \fI/usr/local/bin\fR and populating it with
symlinks to \fI../stow/perl/bin/perl\fR and \fI../stow/perl/bin/a2p\fR (and
so on), Stow will create a single symlink, \fI/usr/local/bin\fR, which
points to \fIstow/perl/bin\fR. In this way, it still works to refer to
\&\fI/usr/local/bin/perl\fR and \fI/usr/local/bin/a2p\fR, and fewer symlinks
have been created. This is called "tree folding", since an entire
subtree is "folded" into a single symlink.
.PP
To complete this example, Stow will also create the symlink
\&\fI/usr/local/info\fR pointing to \fIstow/perl/info\fR; the symlink
\&\fI/usr/local/lib\fR pointing to \fIstow/perl/lib\fR; and the symlink
\&\fI/usr/local/man\fR pointing to \fIstow/perl/man\fR.
.PP
Now suppose that instead of installing the Perl package into an empty
target tree, the target tree is not empty to begin with. Instead, it
contains several files and directories installed under a different
system-administration philosophy. In particular, \fI/usr/local/bin\fR
already exists and is a directory, as are \fI/usr/local/lib\fR and
\&\fI/usr/local/man/man1\fR. In this case, Stow will descend into
\&\fI/usr/local/bin\fR and create symlinks to \fI../stow/perl/bin/perl\fR and
\&\fI../stow/perl/bin/a2p\fR (etc.), and it will descend into
\&\fI/usr/local/lib\fR and create the tree-folding symlink \fIperl\fR pointing
to \fI../stow/perl/lib/perl\fR, and so on. As a rule, Stow only descends
as far as necessary into the target tree when it can create a
tree-folding symlink.
.PP
The time often comes when a tree-folding symlink has to be undone
because another package uses one or more of the folded subdirectories
in its installation image. This operation is called "splitting open"
a folded tree. It involves removing the original symlink from the
target tree, creating a true directory in its place, and then
populating the new directory with symlinks to the newly-installed
package \fBand\fR to the old package that used the old symlink. For
example, suppose that after installing Perl into an empty
\&\fI/usr/local\fR, we wish to install Emacs. Emacs's installation image
includes a \fIbin\fR directory containing the \fIemacs\fR and \fIetags\fR
executables, among others. Stow must make these files appear to be
installed in \fI/usr/local/bin\fR, but presently \fI/usr/local/bin\fR is a
symlink to \fIstow/perl/bin\fR. Stow therefore takes the following
steps: the symlink \fI/usr/local/bin\fR is deleted; the directory
\&\fI/usr/local/bin\fR is created; links are made from \fI/usr/local/bin\fR to
\&\fI../stow/emacs/bin/emacs\fR and \fI../stow/emacs/bin/etags\fR; and links
are made from \fI/usr/local/bin\fR to \fI../stow/perl/bin/perl\fR and
\&\fI../stow/perl/bin/a2p\fR.
.PP
When splitting open a folded tree, Stow makes sure that the symlink
it is about to remove points inside a valid package in the current stow
directory.
.SS "Stow will never delete anything that it doesn't own."
.IX Subsection "Stow will never delete anything that it doesn't own."
Stow "owns" everything living in the target tree that points into a
package in the stow directory. Anything Stow owns, it can recompute if
lost. Note that by this definition, Stow doesn't "own" anything
\&\fBin\fR the stow directory or in any of the packages.
.PP
If Stow needs to create a directory or a symlink in the target tree
and it cannot because that name is already in use and is not owned by
Stow, then a conflict has arisen. See the "Conflicts" section in the
info manual.
.SH "DELETING PACKAGES"
.IX Header "DELETING PACKAGES"
When the \f(CW\*(C`\-D\*(C'\fR option is given, the action of Stow is to delete a
package from the target tree. Note that Stow will not delete anything
it doesn't "own". Deleting a package does \fBnot\fR mean removing it from
the stow directory or discarding the package tree.
.PP
To delete a package, Stow recursively scans the target tree, skipping
over the stow directory (since that is usually a subdirectory of the
target tree) and any other stow directories it encounters (see
"Multiple stow directories" in the info manual). Any symlink it
finds that points into the package being deleted is removed. Any
directory that contained only symlinks to the package being deleted is
removed. Any directory that, after removing symlinks and empty
subdirectories, contains only symlinks to a single other package, is
considered to be a previously "folded" tree that was "split open."
Stow will re-fold the tree by removing the symlinks to the surviving
package, removing the directory, then linking the directory back to
the surviving package.
.SH "RESOURCE FILES"
.IX Header "RESOURCE FILES"
\&\fIStow\fR searches for default command line options at \fI.stowrc\fR (current
directory) and \fI~/.stowrc\fR (home directory) in that order. If both
locations are present, the files are effectively appended together.
.PP
The effect of options in the resource file is similar to simply prepending
the options to the command line. For options that provide a single value,
such as \fI\-\-target\fR or \fI\-\-dir\fR, the command line option will overwrite any
options in the resource file. For options that can be given more than once,
\&\fI\-\-ignore\fR for example, command line options and resource options are
appended together.
.PP
Environment variables and the tilde character (\fI~\fR) will be expanded for
options that take a file path.
.PP
The options \fI\-D\fR, \fI\-R\fR, \fI\-S\fR, and any packages listed in the resource
file are ignored.
.PP
See the info manual for more information on how stow handles resource
file.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
The full documentation for \fIstow\fR is maintained as a Texinfo manual.
If the \fIinfo\fR and \fIstow\fR programs are properly installed at your site, the command
.PP
.Vb 1
\& info stow
.Ve
.PP
should give you access to the complete manual.
.SH BUGS
.IX Header "BUGS"
Please report bugs in Stow using the Debian bug tracking system.
.PP
Currently known bugs include:
.IP \(bu 4
The empty-directory problem.
.Sp
If package \fIfoo\fR includes an empty directory \-\- say, \fIfoo/bar\fR \-\-
then if no other package has a \fIbar\fR subdirectory, everything's fine.
If another stowed package \fIquux\fR, has a \fIbar\fR subdirectory, then
when stowing, \fItargetdir/bar\fR will be "split open" and the contents
of \fIquux/bar\fR will be individually stowed. So far, so good. But when
unstowing \fIquux\fR, \fItargetdir/bar\fR will be removed, even though
\&\fIfoo/bar\fR needs it to remain. A workaround for this problem is to
create a file in \fIfoo/bar\fR as a placeholder. If you name that file
\&\fI.placeholder\fR, it will be easy to find and remove such files when
this bug is fixed.
.IP \(bu 4
When using multiple stow directories (see "Multiple stow directories"
in the info manual), Stow fails to "split open" tree-folding symlinks
(see "Installing packages" in the info manual) that point into a stow
directory which is not the one in use by the current Stow
command. Before failing, it should search the target of the link to
see whether any element of the path contains a \fI.stow\fR file. If it
finds one, it can "learn" about the cooperating stow directory to
short-circuit the \fI.stow\fR search the next time it encounters a
tree-folding symlink.
.SH AUTHOR
.IX Header "AUTHOR"
This man page was originally constructed by Charles Briscoe-Smith from
parts of Stow's info manual, and then converted to POD format by Adam
Spiers. The info manual contains the following notice, which, as it
says, applies to this manual page, too. The text of the section
entitled "GNU General Public License" can be found in the file
\&\fI/usr/share/common\-licenses/GPL\fR on any Debian GNU/Linux system. If
you don't have access to a Debian system, or the GPL is not there,
write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite
330, Boston, MA, 02111\-1307, USA.
.SH COPYRIGHT
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright (C)
1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 by Bob Glickstein <bobg+stow@zanshin.com>;
2000, 2001 by Guillaume Morin;
2007 by Kahlil Hodgson;
2011 by Adam Spiers;
and others.
.PP
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
.PP
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that
the section entitled "GNU General Public License" is included with the
modified manual, and provided that the entire resulting derived work
is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to
this one.
.PP
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a
translation approved by the Free Software Foundation.