diff --git a/entries/pagination.py b/entries/pagination.py
index ab3763e..aa7c174 100644
--- a/entries/pagination.py
+++ b/entries/pagination.py
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 from django.core.paginator import Paginator
 from django.shortcuts import redirect
 
+from lemoncurry.middleware import ResponseException
+
 
 def paginate(queryset, reverse, page):
     class Page:
@@ -18,7 +20,7 @@ def paginate(queryset, reverse, page):
     # If the first page was requested, redirect to the clean version of the URL
     # with no page suffix.
     if page == 1:
-        return redirect(Page(1).url)
+        raise ResponseException(redirect(Page(1).url))
 
     paginator = Paginator(queryset, 10)
     entries = paginator.page(page or 1)
diff --git a/entries/views/lists.py b/entries/views/lists.py
index 35afd08..c177670 100644
--- a/entries/views/lists.py
+++ b/entries/views/lists.py
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@ from ..pagination import paginate
 def by_kind(request, kind, page=None):
     entries = Entry.objects.filter(kind=kind.id)
     entries = paginate(queryset=entries, reverse=kind.index_page, page=page)
-    if hasattr(entries, 'content'):
-        return entries
 
     return {
         'entries': entries,
@@ -31,8 +29,6 @@ def by_cat(request, slug, page=None):
     cat = get_object_or_404(Cat, slug=slug)
     entries = cat.entries.all()
     entries = paginate(queryset=entries, reverse=url, page=page)
-    if hasattr(entries, 'content'):
-        return entries
 
     return {
         'entries': entries,
diff --git a/home/views.py b/home/views.py
index bb414e4..d5ddea0 100644
--- a/home/views.py
+++ b/home/views.py
@@ -24,10 +24,6 @@ def index(request, page=None):
     entries = user.entries.filter(kind__in=kinds.on_home)
     entries = pagination.paginate(queryset=entries, reverse=url, page=page)
 
-    # If we got a valid HTTP response, just return it without rendering.
-    if hasattr(entries, 'content'):
-        return entries
-
     return {
         'user': user,
         'entries': entries,
diff --git a/lemonauth/tokens.py b/lemonauth/tokens.py
index 8749e93..2ea16ff 100644
--- a/lemonauth/tokens.py
+++ b/lemonauth/tokens.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from lemoncurry.middleware import ResponseException
 from micropub.views import error
 from .models import IndieAuthCode, Token
 
@@ -6,23 +7,25 @@ def auth(request):
     if 'HTTP_AUTHORIZATION' in request.META:
         auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION').split(' ')
         if auth[0] != 'Bearer':
-            return error.bad_req('auth type {0} not supported'.format(auth[0]))
+            raise ResponseException(error.bad_req(
+                'auth type {0} not supported'.format(auth[0])
+            ))
         if len(auth) != 2:
-            return error.bad_req(
+            raise ResponseException(error.bad_req(
                 'invalid Bearer auth format, must be Bearer <token>'
-            )
+            ))
         token = auth[1]
     elif 'access_token' in request.POST:
         token = request.POST.get('access_token')
     elif 'access_token' in request.GET:
         token = request.GET.get('access_token')
     else:
-        return error.unauthorized()
+        raise ResponseException(error.unauthorized())
 
     try:
         token = Token.objects.get(pk=token)
     except Token.DoesNotExist:
-        return error.forbidden()
+        raise ResponseException(error.forbidden())
 
     return token
 
diff --git a/lemonauth/views/token.py b/lemonauth/views/token.py
index 72543f0..251c016 100644
--- a/lemonauth/views/token.py
+++ b/lemonauth/views/token.py
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ from lemoncurry import utils
 class TokenView(View):
     def get(self, req):
         token = tokens.auth(req)
-        if hasattr(token, 'content'):
-            return token
         res = {
             'me': token.me,
             'client_id': token.client_id,
diff --git a/micropub/views/__init__.py b/micropub/views/__init__.py
index f487986..7998379 100644
--- a/micropub/views/__init__.py
+++ b/micropub/views/__init__.py
@@ -18,10 +18,7 @@ actions = {
 @csrf_exempt
 @require_http_methods(['GET', 'HEAD', 'POST'])
 def micropub(request):
-    token = tokens.auth(request)
-    if hasattr(token, 'content'):
-        return token
-    request.token = token
+    request.token = tokens.auth(request)
     if request.method in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
         return query(request)
 
diff --git a/micropub/views/media.py b/micropub/views/media.py
index 5fe3128..85a22a0 100644
--- a/micropub/views/media.py
+++ b/micropub/views/media.py
@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ ACCEPTED_MEDIA_TYPES = (
 @require_POST
 def media(request):
     token = tokens.auth(request)
-    if hasattr(token, 'content'):
-        return token
     if 'file' not in request.FILES:
         return error.bad_req(
             "a file named 'file' must be provided to the media endpoint"
diff --git a/micropub/views/query.py b/micropub/views/query.py
index 0bbda24..2dcd9ac 100644
--- a/micropub/views/query.py
+++ b/micropub/views/query.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from django.http import JsonResponse
 from django.urls import reverse
 from lemoncurry import requests
+from lemoncurry.middleware import ResponseException
 from lemoncurry.utils import absolute_url
 from . import error
 
@@ -14,10 +15,12 @@ def config(request):
 def source(request):
     get = request.GET
     if 'url' not in get:
-        return error.bad_req('must specify url parameter for source query')
+        raise ResponseException(error.bad_req(
+            'must specify url parameter for source query'
+        ))
     mf2 = requests.mf2(get['url']).to_dict(filter_by_type='h-entry')
     if not mf2:
-        return error.bad_req('no h-entry at the requested url')
+        raise ResponseException(error.bad_req('no h-entry at the requested url'))
     entry = mf2[0]
     keys = get.getlist('properties', []) + get.getlist('properties[]', [])
     if not keys:
@@ -45,6 +48,4 @@ def query(request):
     if q not in queries:
         return error.bad_req('unsupported query {0}'.format(q))
     res = queries[q](request)
-    if hasattr(res, 'content'):
-        return res
     return JsonResponse(res)